Lecture 2 Flashcards
Where did science start from?
Science started from induction.
-From Plato (philosophy) to Aristotle (inductive reasoning)
-Inductive reasoning- systematic, based on patterns, observed in the real, physical world, and using that to find truth; a means of bottom-up processing
What is bottom-up processing?
Observing and then producing ideas.
-The Type of Processing Involved in Clinical Practice
-Trial and Error learning
-Involves the identification of patterns
-Dynamic & Difficult to Describe / Quantify / measure
What were early inductors?
Generalists, through:
-Arts: Using various sensory modalities to communicate social stories
-Philosophy: Thinking about thought & one’s own as well as others’ experiences
-Industry / Technology: Improving benefit / productivity / control of social systems
Induction tends to be very generalizable.
What is deductive reasoning?
Top-Down Processing
-Logical Premise-> Experiment / Tool Development-> Results & Conclusions
-This is the type of processing used by many researchers and scientists
-Very frontal lobe
-Less prone to bias
What is top-down processing?
Having an idea and then making observations.
The Scientific Method (Sir Francis Bacon circa ~1620)
- Define a Novel Question
- Develop Hypotheses
- Collect & Analyze Data
- Draw Conclusions
A list of steps that you go through to figure out truth
All research is guided by a question or a hypothesis (a statement).
We start with the assumption that our hypothesis is wrong.
James Lind (1753): The Treatise of Scurvy
Developed a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) to discover a potential cure for scurvy.
Overemphasis of RTCs?
-Overemphasis on significance > effect size
-Loss of the clinician-research due to increased pressure to “specialize”
-Tenure requirements to “publish or perish” & acquire grant funding (greatest proportion of funds go to basic science)
-Increasing Basic Research > Clinical Research
-Outright Dismissal of inductive (Clinical) processes and separation of research (best) from clinicians (flawed)
What is significance?
The consistency of the result; to what degree can I be sure that the outcome did not happen by chance?
What is Effect Size?
Reflects practical significance. Significance doesn’t tell us a whole bunch. Are the results meaningful?
What is evidence-based practice?
The conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care. Three pieces but is moving towards 4.
-Basing decisions on more sources is better than basing info on one source even if it is not research.
-External: the data you find
-Internal: the data you collect from your clients, also highly valid and real
Challenges SLPs face?
-Limited intervention research, or implementation science
-Limited external validity
-Practice Context mismatches
-Patient / Condition mismatches
-Treatment Intensity mismatches
-Training / Fidelity mismatches
-Limited methodological description that allows for translation
-Limited time / resources for clinicians to translate & adopt research
-Long uptake to influence policy
What is inductive (clinical) evidence?
Clinical evidence= reflecting on your own expertise + the collection and analysis of data in your own practice
