Lecture 1 Flashcards
Older brain “wants”?
Avoid danger
Seek pleasure
- Dopamine: neurotransmitter that fires when we see something we want
Conserve resources
- Use our resources only if we believe our efforts will result in a more bountiful result. The goal warrants the effort.
Newer brain “wants”?
Control/Manipulation
Understanding/Learning
- Evolution of the cortical system and development of frontal lobe led to newer wants.
Learning pathway #1?
Long, Effortful, Intentional/Reflective
Involves 4 steps in 4 parts of the brain:
- Sensory Experience- perceiving the world around you; comes up through the cranial nerves; irrelevant sensory information is filtered out
- Temporal Integration of New Data w/Past Knowledge- driven by and drives the new knowledge that we acquire; temporal lobe
- Prediction drives action; frontal lobe
- Testing predictions generates feedback for a new learning cycle; motor strip
Learning pathway #2?
Quick, Easy, Automatic/Reactive
- Sensory Experience
- Past Knowledge is NOT updated/reorganized
- Past Knowledge Drives Action and Future Sensory Perception
If we get kicked out of homeostasis, the only parts that are working are our sensory and temporal areas. Fight or flight is activated. Not reasoning through things, so our past experiences drive our actions. Acting without thinking.
- Frontal lobe is not involved in this learning pathway.
What is bias?
Belief that something will happen based on past experiences.
Bias is persistent because past knowledge is persistent: it takes time, effort, and willingness to update previously held views / beliefs
Types of biases SLPs should know:
Dunning Kruger Group-think Cultural/implicit Primacy & recency Confirmation
The Dunning Kruger effect?
X-axis is skill (competence). Y-axis is our perception of our skill (confidence).
When we don’t know enough about something, we are susceptible to thinking that we are really good at it.
The more I know, the more I realize that I do not know!
Group think?
If you’re in a group of people/exposed to those people a lot, and they believe something, you adapt their beliefs so that you fit in easily.
Not really questioning those beliefs.
Cultural/ implicit bias?
We tend to associate with people who look like us, think like us, do things like us.
Assuming someone from a particular culture fits a particular stereotype.
Primacy and recency?
Primacy- The first time we are exposed to something is how it always is going to be.
Recency- The last way that we were exposed to something is the way that it’ll always be.
Primacy outweighs recency.
Confirmation bias?
Sensory to integration stage.
Seeking out information that aligns with what we already believe.
Individual mitigation?
- Reflecting on your own biases, and how these connect to your behavior
- Increasing social interactions with culturally and linguistically diverse professionals
- Increasing experiences with culturally and linguistically diverse clients and families
- Critical appraisal of your own clinical practices
- Greater intention (understanding WHY) = decreased risk of bias
Collective mitigation?
- Participating in communities of practice
- Encouraging a culture of “critical collaborative discourse”
- Peer appraisal of clinical practices
- Patient/family appraisal of clinical practices
- Seeking out expert-mentored training and experiences
Internal validity vs. external validity
Internal Validity- the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying
External Validity- another name for the generalizability of results, asking “whether a causal relationship holds over variation in persons, settings, treatments and outcomes.”
Statistical significance?
the claim that a result from data generated by testing or experimentation is likely to be attributable to a specific cause
