Lecture 2

Question 1

What is arrector pili muscle associated with?

Answer 1

Network of blood vessels in hair shaft

Question 2

What is root hair plexus associated with?

Answer 2

Network of sensory nerve endings at the base of hair follicles

Question 3

What is sebaceous gland associated with?

Answer 3

Production of sebum at hair shaft/hair follicle

Question 4

What is lanolin associated with?

Answer 4

Sheep sebum

Question 5

What is eccrine associated with?

Answer 5

Sweat glands on most areas located closer to the surface (secretion directly into skin)

Question 6

What is apocrine associated with?

Answer 6

Sweat glands in armpit, groin, and around nipples found deeper to the skin (secretes onto base of hair follicle then onto surface of skin)

Question 7

What are receptors?

Answer 7

Special kinds of nerve endings that pick up sensation

Question 8

What is the proximity of tactile receptors to the skin?

Answer 8

Close to surface of skin

Question 9

What is the proximity of lamellar receptors to the skin?

Answer 9

Deeper to skin (press harder to activate)

Question 10

Function of nails?

Answer 10

Protect fingertips and toes

Enhance sensation

Question 11

What anatomy relates to skin aging?

6

Answer 11

Thin epidermis (stratum basale dividing less)
Thin dermis (less collagen)
Slow to repair
Drier dermis (les blood supply and sebum)
Impaired cooling (less sweat)
Less pigmentation

Question 12

What is the affect of collagen on quality and function of the skin?

Answer 12

Accelerates aging
Damages collagen and elastin in dermis
Nicotine reduces blood circulation in dermis (affects other layers)

Question 13

What do melanocytes do?

Answer 13

Produce melanin pigment in stratum basale

Question 14

What do melanosomes do?

Answer 14

Melanin gets packed into melanosomes which are released into gaps between cells and forms barrier at the top

Question 15

Cause of skin pigmentation?

Answer 15

Melanin produced by melanocytes and melanosomes absorbs UV light creating a barrier to protect cells from damage

Question 16

What is epidermal pigmentation?

Answer 16

Melanocytes (stratum basale) are not shed, while melanosomes (epidermis) are shed, so density of melanocytes varies and concentration of melanosomes becomes less with age

Question 17

What causes a mole?

Answer 17

Over proliferation of melanocytes (produce melanin) that cluster and poke out of skin caused by sun exposure

Question 18

What causes freckles?

Answer 18

Over production of melanosomes by melanocytes causes by sun exposure

Question 19

What is vitamin d important?

Answer 19

Essential for normal calcium metabolism and strong bones (UV exposure required for synthesis)

Question 20

Relation between skin pigmentation and UV exposure?

Answer 20

Countries closer to the equator (more sun, more UV, more melanosomes produced) correlated to darker skin and vice versa

Question 21

Who are more susceptible to vitamin d deficiency?

Answer 21

Highly pigmented people (particularly at extreme latitudes) because they are used to so much UV

Question 22

What time of year are there the most cases of vitamin d deficiency?

Answer 22

Winter

Question 23

Basal cell carcinoma key points (4):

And what is it

Answer 23

Type of skin cancer 
Originates in stratum basale
Spread is rare 
Localised 
Other things can also cause it

Question 24

Malignant melanoma key points (4): and what is it

Answer 24

Type of skin cancer 
Rare but deadly if not treated 
Originates in melanocytes 
Uncontrolled production of melanosomes (defective melanin)
If occurs on organ can cause tumours

Question 25

Relation between thickness of tumour and fatality?

Answer 25

Higher chances of fatality as thickness of tumour increases

Question 26

Tattoo key points (4):

Answer 26

Artificial pigment deposited deep within dermal layer (not shed)
Swallows by immune cells that stay in position
Different types of tattoos
Tattoos can have cultural significance