Lecture 2 Flashcards
Describe cognitive bias.
Name types.
most people think their common sense is above average. we don’t necessarily have the best handle on our thoughts/abilities
- hindsight bias
- conformation bias
- overconfidence
- perceiving patterns in random events
describe hindsight bias
- people tend to believe that after hearing the outcomes that they did or could have predicted the outcome
- “i knew it all along”
- people misremember their thoughts after hearing the outcomes
- reconstructive nature of memory
describe conformation bias
- we attend to and process information that is consistent with what we believe
- often ignoring information that disputes our expectations
- tend to surround ourselves with like-minded people, furthering the bias
describe overconfidence
- most people overestimate their abilities to be better than the norm
- subjective confidence is greater than our actual abilities
- about 2% of people judge themselves accurately
- people who aren’t good at smt tend to think they’re better than they are, ppl who are actually good at it tend to think they’re not as good
- tends to get worse in groups
- confidence sweet spot = “goldilocks zone”
describe perceiving pattern in random events
- we make sense of our world. perception
- Gestalt: when there’s blank spots in our understanding we tend to fill it
- humans don’t like uncomfortable things or anxiety so we need to make sense of our world to feel relaxed (largely why we have beliefs of magic or religion)
- strange things happen, but when it does it seems so inconceivable that we don’t trust it
cognitive bias infographic in notes.
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scientific method infographic in notes.
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describe operational definition
part of a hypothesis
explains what you’re doing in the experiments so others can replicate the research
Name the descriptive/qualitative methods
case studies
naturalistic observations, surveys research
describe correlational methods
- recognizing when two variable are related
- determining whether a relationship exists between two or more variables
- NO CONTROLLING VARIABLES
describe experimental methods
cause and effect
- manipulating one variable to discover if the change in that variable changes another
- where scientific method is used
Basic/pure research
- curiosity driven
exploring and advancing scientific understanding - investigating the why, what, how
- just trying to understand stuff
applied research
- solving practical problems/improving quality of life
- ex: methods to improve memory, conflict resolution for victims and perpetrators of violence
Descriptive research methods
case study
naturalistic observation
survey
case study
in depth study of a person, group, phenomenon (usually rare)
- observation, interviews, psychological testing
appropriate for studying uncommon psychological or physiological disorders
appropriate for studying uncommon psychological disorders, brain injury, what would be unethical or impossible to conduct an experiment (CTE)
naturalistic observation
+ advantage/disadvantage
Jane Goodall, apes
observe and record behaviours in natural setting without interfering/attempting to influence or control
Advantage: no artificial lab set-ups and can be easy. generates new ideas
disadvantage: events must occur (might not), time consuming. CANNOT GENERALIZE findings
observer bias: distorted observations. might see what you expect/hope to see
survey
+advantage/disadvantage
tests, questionnaires, interviews
- used to gather info abt attitudes, beliefs, experiences, behaviours of ppl
- advantage: well-designed and properly administered surveys provide high quality accurate info abt large groups, demographics, sensitive info
- disadvantage: poorly designed/non representative samples, respondents may provide inaccurate info
correlational methods
- measures degree of relationship between two variables (how they relate to each other)
correlation coefficient is a number in what range. indicates what?
-1 to 1
degree and direction of relationship
+1 indicates
perfect positive correlation (directly proportional)
ex: hours worked and pay
-1 indicates
perfect inverse correlation
time since beginning of class to the time its over
0 indicates
no correlation
IQ and eye color
Why does correlation not equal causation
info graphic
TEST Q
experimentation laboratory observation
- exert more control and use of precise equipment
- lose spontaneity/genuineness
- must follow experimental method to prove cause and effect
