Lecture 2/11 numbers

Question 1

What type of baroreceptors are located on the bifurcation of the carotid artery?
The bifurcation is also known as the carotid _____

Answer 1

1. Carotid baroreceptors
2. Carotid sinus

Question 2

The baroreceptors that are located in the aortic arch are called _____ and are a product of the _____ nerve

Answer 2

1. Aortic arch baroreceptors
2. Vagus

Question 3

Carotid baroreceptors are attached to the brainstem via the ______ nerve

Answer 3

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 4

Epi to norepinephrine ratio?
Where are these catecholamines released from?

Answer 4

4:1; Epinephrine : Norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla

Norepinephrine is the main pressor of the CV system
(Lecture 2/11)

Question 5

Vasopressin is typically released based on changes in _____

Answer 5

osmolarity

Question 6

What is the controller of aldosterone?

Answer 6

RAAS

Question 7

In low pressure portions of the circulation, there are stretch receptors located in the _______ and ____

Answer 7

1. Atria
2. Large veins leading up to atria

Question 8

True or false: There is a direct neural connection between the low pressure stretch sensors and kidneys

Answer 8

TRUE!

Question 9

Two ways stretch sensors communicate with kidneys

Answer 9

1. Direct neural pathway
2. Hormones (ANP/ANF)

Question 10

Where is ANP/ANF formed?

Answer 10

Right and left atrium; predominantly right

Question 11

How long do BNP/ANP work as natriuretics

Answer 11

1 week or two….

Question 12

Where was BNP originally discovered? Found second?

Answer 12

Found originally in brain then discovered where its coming from (ventricles) second

Question 13

Normal HCT

Answer 13

0.4

Question 14

What fraction of TBW is ICF?

Answer 14

2/3

Question 15

What fraction of TBW is ECF?

Answer 15

1/3

Question 16

What fraction of ECF is plasma?

Answer 16

1/4-1/5

Question 17

What fraction of ECF is interstitial fluid?

Answer 17

3/4- 4/5

Question 18

If I have 5L of blood, how much is plasma and how much is HCT?

Answer 18

3L plasma (0.6)
2L HCT (0.4)

Question 19

Oncotic pressure of blood

Answer 19

28 mmHg

Question 20

What three components make up the oncotic pressure of blood?

Answer 20

Albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin

Question 21

Stretch relaxation impacts the blood pressure following a fluid bolus in ___ to ___ minutes

Answer 21

10-15

Question 22

If I give a fluid bolus, ___-___ % will stay in CV system and the rest will go to interstitium

Answer 22

20-25%

Question 23

Strongest SNS CV system reflex

Answer 23

CNS ischemic response

Question 24

SNS repsonses have a <___ second response time

Answer 24

30 seconds

Question 25

Arterial blood should have ___ mL of O2 per dL of blood

Answer 25

20 mL O2 / dL blood

Question 26

Venous blood should have ___ mL of O2 per dL of blood

Answer 26

15 mL O2 / dL blood

Question 27

In a normal healthy patient, how many mL of O2 are dropped off per dL of blood?

Answer 27

5 mL O2 / dL of blood How: Arterial: 20 mL O2 / dL blood - venous 15 mL O2 / dL blood = 5 mL O2/ dL

Question 28

One deciliter is what fraction of a liter

Answer 28

1/10

Question 29

IF each dL of blood is delivering 5 ml of O2 and our oxygen consumption per minute is 250 mL O2 / min. What is our cardiac output?

Answer 29

5L (50 dL) The entire system uses 250 and each dL of blood delivers 5. The body is using 250 mls/ minute and each dL is delivering 5 ml. Therefore, 250 / 5 = 50 dL of blood / min

Question 30

The amount of oxygen our body uses per minute in someone who is a healthy average adult (not 8 ft tall) is about _____ of O2 per minute

Answer 30

250 ml O2 / min

Question 31

Normal cardiac output is five liters per minute at baseline. If we were to increase cardiac output to 25 liters per minute, that would be equivalent to a cardiac reserve of ____%

Answer 31

400% 25 - 5 = 20 20 / 5 = 4 so 400%

Question 32

Normal cardiac output is five liters per minute at baseline. If we were to increase cardiac output to 30 liters per minute, that would be equivalent to a cardiac reserve of ____%

Answer 32

30 - 5 = 25 25/5 = 5 so 500%

Question 33

___ - ___% of the population that has been estimated to have a congenital bicuspid valve.

Answer 33

1-2

Question 34

This lead singer of U2 had a congenital bicuspid valve that developed into an aortic aneurysm

Answer 34

Bono