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Musculoskeleton E1 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the primary functions of the lungs?

Describe the simplified air flow pathway.

A

Gas exchange of CO2 and O2 (which occurs at the alveoli)

Trachea -> Primary bronchus -> Secondary bronchi -> Tertiary bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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1
Q

What are the major organs of the Thorax?

A

The lungs (pleura) and the Heart (with its pericardium and great vessels)

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2
Q

Describe the regions of the Bronchi.

Does gas exchange occur in the Bronchi?

A

Trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, and segmental (tertiary) bronchus.

No gas exchange occurs in the Bronchi

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3
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

What covers the surface of the molecules in the Bronchioles?

A

Gas exchange occurs at the Alveoli.

Alveoli are covered with capillaries.

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4
Q

What are the membranes that surround the lungs?

A

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

The visceral pleura lines the lungs.

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5
Q

Where is the heart located in the chest (what is it between)?

Where is the Apex and the Base of the heart?

A

The heart is located in the mediastinum and is between the lungs. It begins at the 2nd rib and reaches the diaphragm.

The base is superior, with a broad platform. The apex is inferior, tilts to the left, and is tapered.

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6
Q

What is the pericardium / pericardial sac / parietal pericardium?

  • What are it’s layers?
  • What is it filled with?
A

The pericardium is a sack around the heart that allows for minimal friction yet allows room for the heart to expand (and resists excessive expansion).
It consists of two layers - an outer dense fibrous layer (tough) and an inner smooth, thin, and moist layer.
It is filled with pericardial fluid (5 - 30 ml).

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7
Q

Describe the layers of the heart wall.

A

The heart wall is comprised of three layers:

  1. Epicardium - thin, smooth, and moist - covers the surface
  2. Myocardium - striated muscle fibers
  3. Endocardium - smooth, endothelial cell lining
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8
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart (what arteries, veins, chambers and valves).

A

Vena Cava - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve -> Pulmonary Artery -> Pulmonary Vein -> Left Atrium -> Bicuspid Valve (Mitral, AV) -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> Aorta

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9
Q

What muscles support the heart AV valves?

A

The chordae tendinae and papillary muscle prevent prolapse with the valves.

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10
Q

Describe the Pulmonary circulation route.

A

Pulmonary trunk - Pulmonary artery - arteriole - capillaries - venule - pulmonary vein

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11
Q

Describe how to divide the abdominal section of the body into quadrants.

A

Medial plane divides into left and right.
Transumbilical plane divides into upper and lower.
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

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12
Q

What organs/regions are in the Right Upper Quandrant?

A 
Liver (Rt lobe) 
Pylorus of Stomach
Duodenum
Rt Adrenal Gland
Rt Kidney
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
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13
Q

What organs are in the Left Upper Quandrant?

A 
Liver (Lt lobe)
Stomach
Spleen
Jejunum
Proimal Ileum
Body and tail of Pancreas
Lt Adrenal Gland
Lt Kidney
Descending Colon
Transverse Colon
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14
Q

What organs are in the right lower quandrant?

A 
Cecum
Appendix
Ileum
Ascending Colon
Rt Ovary
Rt Uterine Tube
Rt Ureter
Urinary Bladder
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15
Q

What organs are in the left lower quandrant?

A 
Sigmoid Colon
Descending Colon
Lt Ovary
Lt Uterine Tube
Lt Ureter
Urinary Bladder
16
Q

What are the two divisions of the Digestive System?

A

The Gastrointestinal tract - which are the structures that food/chyme pass through (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus)

Accessary organs - food does not pass through them, but they are necessary for digestion - liver, gall bladder, pancreas

17
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

A tube from the pharynx to the stomach. It pierces the diaphragm.

18
Q

What is the stomach?

Where is it located?

A

The stomach is a muscular pouch that stores food and metes out chyme to the small intestine.
It secretes HCI and produces pepsin (proteolytic enzymes) and instrinsic factor (B12).

19
Q

What are the segments of the stomach?

A 
Cardiac Sphincter
Cardia (at entrance)
Fundus
Body
Antrum (inferior portion, near intestine)
Pyloric sphincter
20
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Small Intestine.

A

Duodenum -> Jejunum -> Ileum.

It is the site of most digestion and almost all absorption.

21
Q

Describe the large intestine anatomy.

  • What are its parts?
  • What does it absorb?
A 
Ileocecal valve (from illeum to cecum)
Cecum 
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon

The large intestine absorbs salt, water, and Vitamin K.

22
Q

What are the four membranes of the digestive system?

A

Peritoneum, Mesentery, Lesser omentum, Greater omentum

23
Q

Describe the peritoneum.

A

A serous membrane that forms the linings of the abdominal cavity.

Contains the parietal and visceral peritoneums. It contains serous fluid and wraps organs (intraperitoneal organs). Organs that are behind the peritoneum are retroperitoneal and tend to be fixed.

24
Q

Describe the Mesentery membrane of the digestive system.

A

The mesentery suspends the ileum and jejunum and routes neurovascular.

25
Q

Describe the greater omentum.

A

It hangs like an apron over intestines and drops from the below the stomach above the intestines.

26
Q

Describe the lesser omentum.

A

It covers the liver to the lesser curvature (superior surface) of stomach.

27
Q

Describe the parts of the urinary system.

A

Consists of the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

28
Q

Describe the kidney structures.

A

Renal cortex - absorption - outer layer
Renal medulla - renal pyramids - contains nephrons, which are composed of tubular components and vascular components
Renal Pelvis - all the renal medullas feed into this

29
Q

Describe the spleen.

A

The spleen is a spongy lymphatic organ, which is on the left side of the body. It breaks down, destroys old RBC and platelets, and recycles iron and globin.

30
Q

Describe the adrenal glands.

A

The adrenal glands sit superior to each kidney and consist of the adrenal cortex (superficial) and adrenal medulla (deep).

The adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids (stress response - epinephrine and norepinephrine) and mineralocorticoids (cause kidney to retain water and salts).
The adrenal medulla secretes sex hormones (androgens and estrogen).

31
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

The lymphatic system separates lymph from the arteries and veins. It absorbs and filters interstitial fluid through lymph nodes.
2-3 L per day of lymph is returned to blood.
It also transports digested/absorbed fat from the small intestine.

32
Q

What are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the Pancreas?

A

Endocrine function - secretes insulin and glucagon (regulates blood glucose)
Exocrine function - pancreatic juice - digestive enzymes and bicarbonate solution

33
Q

What is the liver?

A

Nutrients from the SI go directly to the liver via hepatic portal vein.
Has dual circulation - 80% from hepatic portal (stomach and SI) and 20% from hepatic artery.
It detoxifies blood, converts ammonia into urea.

34
Q

What does the liver breakdown?

A

The liver breaks down hemoglobin into bilirubin. With liver disease, bilirubin = jaundice.

35
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

The liver produces plasma proteins, bile, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

36
Q

How do the arterioles regulate blood flow?

A

The arterioles are surrounded by smooth muscle - vasoconstriction or vasodilation changes the amount of blood flowing

37
Q

What is the distribution of cardiac output amongst the tissues and organs of the body?

A

64% Muscle

  1. 6% Skin
  2. 2% Brain
  3. 6% Liver
  4. 4% Heart
  5. 4% Kidney
38
Q

What are the large veins in the circulatory system?

A

The Vena Cavae returns blood to the heart - Sup. Vena Cava (head and arms) and Inf. Vena Cava (legs and abdomen).

The Hepatic portal vein connects the intestines to the liver to recycle blood.

Musculoskeleton E1 (2 decks)

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