E1

Question 0

Intervertebral disk

Answer 0

Annulus fibrosa - outer, fibrous layer
- multiple, oblique fibrocartilage

Nucleus pulposa - central core, semifluid w/ fibers, shock absorption

Question 1

What are the functions of the abdominal wall?

Answer 1

Protects abdominal cavity organs
Stabilizes torso
Enables abdominal compression for fluids, flatulence, feces, and fetuses

Question 2

What does the thoracic wall protect and what does it facilitate?

Answer 2

Protects thoracic contents (esp lungs, hearts, and great vessels)

Facilitates breathing - anchors the diaphragm, withstands negative pressure

Question 3

What are the parts of a typical vertebrae?

Answer 3

Body
Arch (pedicles near body and lamina)
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Sup/Inf articular process
Transverse process
Transerve foramen
sup/inf costal process (thoracic)
Transverse costal process (thoracic)
Dens (C2)
Occipital condyle (C1)

Question 4

What are the muscles of the thorax?

Answer 4

Sup. Post. Serratus
Inf. Post. Serratus
Ext. Intercostals
Inf. Intercostals
Erector spinae group

Question 5

What muscles does the Thoracic wall utilize to inhale?

Answer 5

The Thoracic Wall utilizes External Intercostals and Superior Posterior Serratus

Question 6

What muscles does the Thoracic Wall utilize when it exhales?

Answer 6

Internal Intercostals and Inferior Posterior Serratus

Question 7

Describe the external oblique

• What layer muscle is it?
• Describe two actions

Answer 7

Most superficial

The external oblique flexes and rotates trunks and it compress/supports the abdominal versa

Question 8

Describe the rectus abdominis

• Where it attaches
• Two primary functions
• What separates the paired muscles

Answer 8

Attached at xiphoid process, costal cartilage, and pubis
Two primary functions are that it flexes torso and depresses ribcage during active exhalation
Paired muscles are separated by the linea alba (down the middle)

Question 9

What are the muscles of the abdomen?

Answer 9

Rectus abdominis
External Abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis

Question 10

What muscles have their origins in the Thoracolumbar fascia?

Answer 10

Latissimus doris, transverse abdominis, and internal abdominal oblique

Question 11

Describe the internal oblique - what layer is it in regards to the external oblique, rectus abdominus, and transverse abdominus

Answer 11

The internal oblique is the middle layer

Question 12

External oblique and the inguinal ligament
- What forms the inguinal ligament?
- What canal does it form?
-

Answer 12

Aponeurosis extends inferiorily to form the inguinal ligament. It folds back on itself to form the inguinal canal

Question 13

What are the muscles of the Erector Spinae Group

Answer 13

The iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis

Question 14

Hernias - diagram all seven types

Answer 14

1. Epigastric
2. Periumbilical
3. Umbilical
4. Spigelian
5. Indirect Inguinal
6. Direct Inguinal
7. Femoral

Question 15

Describe the types of hernias

Answer 15

Reducible - can reduce herniated material
Incarcerated - cannot reduce herniated material
Strangulated - pressure on herniated material compromises blood supply leading to necrosis and surgery

Question 16

What is the deepest layer of muscle and what directions do the fibers run?

Answer 16

Transverse abdominis and the fibers run horizontally