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BIO 1080 > Lecture 19/20: The Energy Distribution System > Flashcards

Lecture 19/20: The Energy Distribution System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the medium of energy exchange in the cell?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

How is ATP used in coupling reactions?

A
  • fatty acid or amino acid oxidation
  • coupling reactions are not efficient, 60% energy released lost as heat
  • 40% used for biological work
  • break phosphate bond to release energy
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3
Q

What metabolism provides most atp?

A
  • glucose and fatty acid metabolism

- little from amino acids

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4
Q

What is NADH and FADH2?

A
  • reducing agents produced by glycolysis, beta oxidation and kerb’s cycle
  • supply protons and electron to ETC, where majority of ATP made
  • actas fuel
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5
Q

Where is ATP made?

A
  • some in glycolysis and kerbs cycle

- majority in ETC

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6
Q

How is ATP produced anaerobically

A
  • no O2
  • sometimes in muscle
  • generated by phosphocreatine degradation (ATP buffer)
  • ATP –> ADP + Pi
    PCr + ADP + H+ –> ATP + Cr
    (allows atp to be reproduced, donates phosphate group)
  • glycolysis, end product is lactate
  • inefficient but very fast
    ***not useful if running marathon, more HIIT workouts
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7
Q

What are high energy phosphagens?

A
  • ATP and PCr

- provide immediate energy, (depleted in 12-13 seconds)

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8
Q

What is creatine supplementation?

A
  • increase muscle PCr content
  • faster restoration of ATP
  • Improves performance with repeated bouts of high-intensity excersise
  • gains in muscle mass and strength w/ resistance training
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9
Q

How does gluocose boost effectiveness of Cr supplementation?

A
  • creatin transport is insulin sensitive
  • get inside cell because of transporter, the transport is insulin sensitive
  • if creatin taking at same time as high dose of glucose causing much larger increase in creatin in body
  • however not healthy
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10
Q

How/where is most energy stored?

A

as triglycerides in adipocytes

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11
Q

Where are carbohydrates stored?

A
  • glycoen in liver (approx 150g)
  • glycogen in muscle (approx 350 g)
  • only about 30g off glucose in blood (not much)
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12
Q

What is significant about protein as energy storage?

A
  • protein is a large potential energy source
  • represents about 25000 kcal but protected
  • used in starvation or caloric restriction
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13
Q

What are Pros/cons of carbohydrates as fuels?

A
  • generate ATP faster than fat
  • can also generate atp anaerobically (3x faster than aerobic)
  • holds a lot of water “heaver” and less energy dense than fat
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14
Q

What are pros/cons of lipids as fuels?

A
  • does not hold water, twice as energy dense as carbs
  • represents must abundant energy reserve
  • cannot provide energy anaerobically
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15
Q

How many calories in a pound?

A

3600 kcal in a pound of adipose tissue, most people expend 2000-2500 kal per day

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16
Q

How can you minimize loss of lean mass durng weight loss?

A
  • can have 30-40% lean mass lost during weight loss
  • can be minimized via:
  • resistance training, resistance +higher protein intake
17
Q

What is the absorptive state?

A
  • first 3-4 hours after a meal
  • energy (macronutrients) stored
  • called anabolic state
  • glycogen stored in liver and muscle
  • triglycerides stored in adipose tissue, liver and muscle
  • excess calories in form of glucose and amino acids get converted to fat
  • nutrients: glucose, fatty acids, amino acids can get oxidized and stored
    • Diagram on slide 13 lec 19/20**
18
Q

What is the postabsorptive state?

A
  • fasting
  • stored macronutrients are mobilized for energy (catabolism)
  • glucose spared for nervous system
  • all fuels (protein,s triglycerides, glycogen can be mobilized for glucose)
    • Diagram on slide 14 lec 19/20**
19
Q

What is gluconeogensis

A
  • muscle stores most glycogen, when it breaks down it is for own use not released into the body
20
Q

Why is glucose maintained so tightly?

A
  • many cells require glucose
  • maintain osmotic balance
  • hpyerglycemia cause glycosylation of amino acids in kidneys, peripheral nerves, lens of eye, causing damage
21
Q

Glucose Regularion via Insulin

A

SLIDE 16 LOOK AT IT

-

22
Q

What is glucagon

A
  • counter hormone to insulin
  • does opposite
  • does not alter glucose uptake, but stimulates fat breakdown in adispose tissue
    • slide 17
23
Q

Explain substrate use during exercise?

A

** EXAM: subtrate use during exercse**
- mostly muscle glycogen, muscle triglycerides, plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and lastly plasma glucose
(above written in order)
- prolonged lower intensity relies on plasma derivdes substrates (free fatty acids0
- intense exercise, mainly muscle glycogen and some triglycerides

24
Q

How is blood glucose maintained during exercise?

A
  • maintained by liver
  • glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen
    • early exercise depletes liver glycogen by 50% in hour, 80% of total glucose output
    • due to dec insulin, inc glucagon, inc catecholamines
  • gluconeogensis: make new glucose
    • later in excersise when liver glycogen is depleted and precursors (lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, alanine) become more abundant
    • mainly due to dec insulin, inc glucagon, inc catecholamines
25
Q

How is ingesting glucose beneficial during exercise

A
  • glucose supplement during exercise can delay fatigue
  • if done the wrong way, (large amount before exercise) causes a “crash”
  • happens because insulin spikes, stops liver glucose production. promotes too much uptake for muscle, tells fat cells to stop breaking down fat
26
Q

How is muscle glycogen a determinant of fatigue during excersise

A

at high levels, depend on glycogen

- fatigue usually is related to a low glycogen level

27
Q

What is glycogen super compensation?

A
  • inc muscle glycogen level
  • cant just give high carb diet (no effect)
  • must have both exercise and high carbs
28
Q

How is diabetes related to excersise

A

caused by

  • insulin deficiency (type 1)
  • impared tissue response to insulin (type 2), most common and often related to obesity
  • glucose uptake by contracting/exercising muscle is NOT impaired for diabetics
  • “stress” signals inside muscle translocate glucose transporters to plasma membrane. contraction and insulin each cause translocation but through independent pathways
  • training mean respond better to insulin and can take in more glucose
  • few days after exercise this goes down, body no longer is insulin sensitive

BIO 1080 (8 decks)

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