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Clinical and Health > Lecture 19 / 20 - CBT > Flashcards

Lecture 19 / 20 - CBT Flashcards

1
Q

Why do different therapies often seem to have similar effectiveness? (2 points)

A
  1. Differences in effectiveness masked by poor research

2. Similar outcomes could be explained by common factors

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2
Q

Psychotherapy may be damaging as the …

Howarth, 1989

A

… variance in outcomes is greater in treated clients than in untreated control groups
(Howarth, 1989)

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3
Q

What are 4 reasons for the variance in therapy outcomes?

Lambert, 1992

A

40% client/extra-therapeutic factors
30% relationship factors
15% placebo hope and expectancy
15% model/technique factors

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4
Q

What 3 factors possessed by therapists positively correlate with patient’s improvement?

A

The therapist’s level of:
psychological health,
skill,
and interest in helping patients

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5
Q

According to the Department of Health, what is the minimum amount of sessions needed for optimum effectiveness?

A

8 (for most moderate to severe mental health problems)

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6
Q

The effects of CBT and other psychological treatments for adult depression might be overestimated due to …

A

… publication bias

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7
Q

2 Key Principles of CBT:

A
  1. Perception is not the same as reality

2. Events and situations can be interpreted in various ways

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8
Q

3 elements of the cognitive model

A

situation or event&raquo_space;> thinking or interpretation&raquo_space;> emotion

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9
Q

Thinking or interpretation in the cognitive model is influenced by…

A

… rules (I should, I must), assumptions, and beliefs

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10
Q

The 4 basic steps of CBT

A
  1. Education (learning about the cognitive approach and relevant aspects e.g. fight/flight response)
  2. Practicing ideas
  3. Application (using the ideas to tackle problems, then evaluating and modifying application)
  4. Monitoring (ensure old, unhelpful thinking and behaviour reoccur)
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11
Q

What are “unhelpful thinking styles”?

A
  1. Catastrophising (assuming the worst)
  2. Jumping to conclusions
  3. Personalisation (assuming you are directly responsible for a bad event)
  4. Overgeneralising (thinking a one off bad experience is the norm)
  5. Ignoring the positive
  6. All or nothing thinking (seeing either total success or total failure)
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12
Q

What are 9 characteristics of the cognitive approach?

A
  1. Collaborative
  2. Active
  3. Structured
  4. Joint responsibility
  5. Based on genuine, sincere, trusting relationship
  6. Based on clear model of distress
  7. Psycho-educational approach
  8. Client centred
  9. Experimental/scientific approach
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13
Q

According to cognitive theory, how does depression arise?

A

Early experience&raquo_space; Formation of unhelpful assumptions and beliefs&raquo_space; critical incident&raquo_space; Assumptions activated&raquo_space; Negative thoughts&raquo_space;> Depression

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14
Q

6 criticisms of cognitive therapy

A
  1. Simplicity
  2. Positive thinking
  3. Only deals with the present
  4. Neglects transference
  5. Incompatible with pharmacotherapy
  6. Band-aid cure only
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15
Q

What are the assumptions underlying CBT?

A
  1. Assumes that an individual’s thoughts that lead to emotional experience
  2. Assumes that those thoughts can be accessed
  3. Assumes those thoughts can be challenged and changed
  4. Assumes a change in thinking will lead to change in emotional experience
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16
Q

Assumptions of the cognitive model of depression

A
  1. Unhappiness is normal
  2. Depression is on a continuum
  3. Anti-depressant have only limited role
  4. Thinking or situational change is the key to emotional change
  5. Causes may differ from perpetuating factors
  6. Predisposition may exist
17
Q

Effectiveness of CBT

A

CBT clients do better than 70% of drug therapy clients or clients on other psychotherapies (Dobson, 1989). CBT also seems to be resistant to individual differences

18
Q

Which has higher relapse rates; CBT or medication?

A

Medication

19
Q

CBT seems highly beneficial, but only in cases of…

ref. depression

A

… mild to moderate depression. Severe depression should be treated with a combination of CBT and drugs

20
Q

CBT is not effective at reducing symptoms in …

A

… Schizophrenia and bipolar

Clinical and Health (16 decks)

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