Lecture 19 Flashcards
1
Q
What is occupational toxicity
A
Occupational toxicity is any type of toxicity that can be encountered in the workplace.
- Can involve any route of exposure: Inhalation (most common), ingestion and/or topical contact
- Can be acute or chronic
2
Q
Painters
A
- Painters may be exposed to a range of toxic substances in their work. Some of the most common toxins painters may be exposed to include:
1. Lead: Lead can be found in old paint, and can cause lead poisoning if inhaled or ingested. Painters who sand or scrape old paint may be exposed to lead dust, which can cause serious health problems.
2. Solvents: Painters often work with solvents like turpentine, mineral spirits, and acetone. These solvents can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
3. Pigments: Some pigments used in paint contain toxic substances like cadmium, chromium, and cobalt. These substances can be harmful if inhaled or ingested, and may cause long-term health problems.
4. Isocyanates: Painters who work with polyurethane paints may be exposed to isocyanates, which can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
5. Methyl methacrylate: This chemical is found in acrylic paints and can cause respiratory issues, skin irritation, and other health issues if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. - Painters should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing protective equipment like gloves and masks, working in well-ventilated areas, and using less toxic paint alternatives whenever possible.
3
Q
Sculptors
A
- Sculptors may be exposed to a variety of toxic substances in their work. Some of the most common toxins sculptors may be exposed to include:
1. Dust and fibers: Sculptors may work with materials like stone, metal, and wood, which can create dust and fibers that can be inhaled. This can cause respiratory problems and other health issues.
2. Metal fumes: Sculptors who work with welding and casting may be exposed to metal fumes like lead, zinc, and copper. These fumes can cause respiratory problems, metal fume fever, and other health issues.
3. Adhesives and solvents: Sculptors may use adhesives and solvents like epoxy and acetone to attach and finish their sculptures. These substances can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
4. Pigments: Some pigments used in sculpture, such as cadmium and lead, can be toxic if inhaled or ingested. These substances can cause long-term health problems.
5. Resins and plastics: Sculptors may work with resins and plastics, which can release toxic fumes and dust if not handled properly. These substances can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues. - Sculptors should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing protective equipment like gloves and masks, working in well-ventilated areas, and using less toxic materials and alternatives whenever possible.
4
Q
Potters
A
- Potters may be exposed to a range of toxic substances in their work. Some of the most common toxins potters may be exposed to include:
1. Silica dust: Potters often work with clay, which can contain silica. When clay is worked with, it can release silica dust, which can be inhaled and cause respiratory problems.
2. Lead: Some pottery glazes may contain lead, which can cause lead poisoning if inhaled or ingested. Potters who work with lead glazes or who recycle clay from lead-glazed pieces may be exposed to lead dust, which can cause serious health problems.
3. Cadmium and other metals: Some pottery glazes may contain cadmium, chromium, and other metals that can be toxic if inhaled or ingested. These substances can cause long-term health problems.
4. Solvents: Potters may use solvents like acetone and turpentine to clean their tools and equipment. These solvents can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
5. Kiln fumes: Potters who work with kilns may be exposed to fumes from burning fuel or from glazes that release gases when fired. These fumes can cause respiratory problems, eye irritation, and other health
issues. - Potters should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing protective equipment like gloves and masks, working in well-ventilated areas, and using less toxic materials and alternatives whenever possible.
5
Q
Athletes
A
- Athletes may be exposed to a range of toxins in their training and competition environments. Some of the most common toxins athletes may be exposed to include:
1. Air pollution: Athletes who train outdoors may be exposed to air pollution from traffic, industry, and other sources. This can cause respiratory problems and other health issues.
2. Pesticides and herbicides: Athletes who train on grassy fields or in outdoor environments may be exposed to pesticides and herbicides that are used to maintain the grounds. These substances can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
3. Heavy metals: Some athletic equipment may contain heavy metals like lead or mercury, which can be toxic if inhaled or ingested. Athletes who use equipment like weights, helmets, or mouth guards may be exposed to these substances.
4. Cleaning chemicals: Athletic facilities may use cleaning chemicals like bleach or ammonia, which can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Athletes who train in these facilities may be exposed to these substances.
5. Steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs: Athletes who use performance enhancing drugs like steroids may be exposing themselves to serious health risks, including liver damage, heart problems, and mood disorders. - Athletes and coaches should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as using
protective equipment like masks, working out in well-ventilated areas, and using less toxic materials and alternatives whenever possible. Athletes should also be aware of the risks associated with performance-enhancing
drugs and work with medical professionals to ensure their training and competition is safe and healthy.
6
Q
Fisherman
A
- Fishers may be exposed to a range of toxins in their work environment, depending on the location and type of fishing they engage in. Some of the most common toxins fishers may be exposed to include:
1. Mercury: Fishers who consume fish that contain high levels of mercury may be at risk for mercury poisoning. This can cause neurological damage and other health problems.
2. Pesticides and herbicides: Fishers who work on or near agricultural land may be exposed to pesticides and herbicides that are used to maintain crops. These substances can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation,
and other health issues.
3. Fuel and oil: Fishers who operate boats may be exposed to fuel and oil spills, which can contaminate water and pose health risks. These substances can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
4. Lead: Some fishing gear, such as weights or sinkers, may contain lead, which can be toxic if ingested or inhaled. Fishers who handle or use these items may be at risk for lead poisoning.
5. Carbon monoxide: Fishers who use gas-powered engines on boats may be at risk for carbon monoxide poisoning. This can cause dizziness, headaches, and other health problems. - Fishers should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing protective equipment like gloves and masks, working in well-ventilated areas, and using less toxic materials and
alternatives whenever possible. They should also follow guidelines for safe fish consumption, which can help minimize the risks of mercury and other contaminants in fish.
7
Q
Mechanics
A
- Car mechanics may be exposed to a range of toxins in their work environment, including:
1. Asbestos: Some older car parts, such as brake pads and clutch linings, may contain asbestos. When these parts are removed or replaced, asbestos fibers can become airborne and be inhaled, leading to serious respiratory problems.
2. Solvents: Mechanics may use solvents like brake cleaner, carburetor cleaner, and degreasers to clean and repair car parts. These solvents can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
3. Lead: Mechanics who work on older cars may be exposed to lead in the form of leaded gasoline and lead-based paints. Lead can cause serious health problems, including neurological damage, if inhaled or ingested.
4. Beryllium: Mechanics who work on air conditioning or refrigeration systems may be exposed to beryllium, a toxic metal that is used in some refrigerants. Beryllium can cause lung disease and other health problems.
5. Diesel exhaust: Mechanics who work on diesel engines may be exposed to diesel exhaust, which contains a mixture of toxic gases and particulate matter. Diesel exhaust can cause respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, and other health issues. - Car mechanics should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing protective equipment like gloves and masks, working in well-ventilated areas, and using less toxic materials and alternatives whenever possible. They should also follow proper disposal procedures for hazardous waste materials,
such as used solvents and contaminated parts, to minimize the risks of environmental contamination.
8
Q
Chefs
A
- Chefs may be exposed to a range of toxins in their work environment, including:
1. Cooking fumes: Chefs may be exposed to cooking fumes, which can contain harmful chemicals such as acrolein, formaldehyde,
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prolonged exposure to cooking fumes can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
2. Cleaning chemicals: Chefs may use cleaning chemicals to maintain a clean work environment. These chemicals can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
3. Pesticides and herbicides: Chefs may work with fresh produce that has been treated with pesticides and herbicides. Exposure to
these chemicals can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
4. Heavy metals: Chefs may be exposed to heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury through the use of cookware and
utensils. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals can cause neurological damage, kidney damage, and other health problems.
5. Food additives and preservatives: Chefs may use food additives and preservatives to enhance the flavor and shelf life of their
dishes. Some of these additives may be harmful if consumed in large quantities, and may cause allergic reactions and other
health issues. - Chefs should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as working in well-ventilated areas, using less toxic cleaning chemicals and cooking methods, and using non-toxic cookware and utensils. They should also properly wash and handle fresh produce to minimize exposure to pesticides and herbicides, and limit the use of food additives and preservatives in their dishes. Additionally, chefs should follow proper hygiene and sanitation practices to minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses.
9
Q
Publishers
A
- Publishers may be exposed to a range of toxins in their work environment, including:
1. Printer ink: Publishers who work with printing presses may be exposed to printer ink, which can contain toxic chemicals like volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and carcinogens. Exposure to printer ink can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
2. Adhesives and solvents: Publishers may use adhesives and solvents to bind books, print materials, or clean equipment. These substances can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
3. Paper dust: Publishers who work with paper or in paper mills may be exposed to paper dust, which can irritate the respiratory system
and cause breathing difficulties.
4. Mold and mildew: Publishers who work in damp or poorly ventilated environments may be at risk for mold and mildew exposure, which can cause respiratory problems, allergies, and other health issues.
5. Electronic device radiation: Publishers who work with electronic devices, such as computers and mobile devices, may be exposed to radiation emitted by these devices. Prolonged exposure to electronic device radiation may increase the risk of cancer, reproductive problems, and other health issues. - Publishers should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing protective equipment like gloves and masks, working in well-ventilated areas, and using less toxic materials and alternatives whenever possible. They should also maintain a clean and dry work environment to minimize the risks of mold and mildew exposure, and take frequent breaks to avoid prolonged exposure to electronic device radiation.
10
Q
Miners
A
- Miners may be exposed to a range of toxins in their work environment, including:
1. Dust: Miners may be exposed to dust from the rock and mineral particles they are mining. This dust can contain harmful
substances such as silica, coal dust, and asbestos fibers, which can cause respiratory problems and lung diseases such as
silicosis and black lung disease.
2. Chemicals: Miners may be exposed to chemicals used in the mining process, such as cyanide, mercury, and sulfuric acid.
These chemicals can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
3. Radiation: Miners may be exposed to ionizing radiation from naturally occurring radioactive materials in the rock and soil
they are mining. Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation can cause cancer, genetic mutations, and other health problems.
4. Heavy metals: Miners may be exposed to heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury through the minerals they are
mining. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals can cause neurological damage, kidney damage, and other health problems.
5. Explosives: Miners may be exposed to toxic fumes and dust from explosives used in mining operations. - Miners should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE) and working in well-ventilated areas. They should also follow proper safety protocols when handling chemicals and explosives, and properly handle and dispose of hazardous waste materials according to regulations. Additionally, miners should stay up-to-date with current safety guidelines and regulations to ensure they are working in a
safe environment.
11
Q
Police officers
A
- Police officers may be exposed to a range of toxins in their work environment, including:
1. Chemicals: Police officers may be exposed to chemicals such as tear gas, pepper spray, and other chemical agents used to subdue suspects. These chemicals can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues if inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
2. Drugs: Police officers may be exposed to drugs and other illicit substances in the course of their duties, which can be
harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. They may also be at risk of accidental exposure to fentanyl, a powerful opioid that can be lethal in small amounts.
3. Exhaust fumes: Police officers who work on traffic duty or in areas with heavy traffic may be exposed to exhaust fumes from vehicles. Prolonged exposure to exhaust fumes can cause respiratory problems and other health issues.
4. Infectious agents: Police officers may be exposed to infectious agents such as blood-borne pathogens, bacteria, and viruses in the course of their duties. This can happen during medical emergencies or when dealing with individuals who may be carrying infectious diseases.
5. Radiation: Police officers who work with X-ray equipment or who respond to incidents involving radiation may be
exposed to ionizing radiation, which can cause cancer and other health problems. - Police officers should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling chemicals and dealing with suspects. They should also follow proper safety protocols when working in areas with heavy traffic or loud noise. Additionally, police departments should provide resources and support to help officers manage stress and trauma related to their work.
12
Q
Toxicologist and pharmacologists
A
- Pharmacologists and toxicologists may be exposed to a range of toxins in their work environment, including:
1. Chemicals: Pharmacologists and toxicologists work with various chemicals, including drugs, pesticides, and industrial
chemicals. These chemicals can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
2. Radiation: Pharmacologists and toxicologists may use radioactive materials in their research, which can expose them to ionizing radiation. Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation can cause cancer, genetic mutations, and other health problems.
3. Animal toxins: Pharmacologists and toxicologists may work with animal toxins, such as venom, which can be toxic if
not handled properly.
4. Biological agents: Pharmacologists and toxicologists may work with biological agents, such as bacteria and viruses, which can cause infections and other health problems if proper safety protocols are not followed.
5. Nanoparticles: Pharmacologists and toxicologists may work with nanoparticles, which can be toxic if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. - Pharmacologists and toxicologists should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), working in well-ventilated areas, and following proper safety protocols when working with chemicals, radioactive materials, and biological agents. They should also properly handle and dispose of hazardous waste materials according to regulations. Additionally, pharmacologists and toxicologists should stay up-to-date with current safety guidelines and regulations to ensure they are working in a safe environment.
13
Q
Radiologists
A
- Radiologists may be exposed to a range of toxins in their work environment, including:
1. Radiation: Radiologists are exposed to ionizing radiation when performing medical imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and mammograms. Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation can cause cancer, genetic mutations, and other health problems.
2. Contrast agents: Radiologists may use contrast agents, which are injected into the patient’s bloodstream to enhance the visibility of tissues and blood vessels during imaging tests. Some contrast agents can be toxic if not used properly, and may cause allergic reactions, kidney damage, and other health issues.
3. Chemicals: Radiologists may work with chemicals, such as disinfectants and cleaning agents, to maintain a sterile environment in the imaging room. These chemicals can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues.
4. Lead: Radiologists may wear lead aprons and other protective gear to shield themselves from radiation exposure during
imaging tests. However, prolonged use of lead gear may lead to lead poisoning, which can cause neurological damage and other health problems.
5. Mercury: Radiologists may use mercury-containing devices, such as thermometers and blood pressure monitors, in the imaging room. Exposure to mercury can cause neurological damage and other health problems. - Radiologists should take precautions to protect themselves from exposure to these toxins, such as wearing protective equipment like lead aprons and gloves, working in well-ventilated areas, and using less toxic materials and alternatives whenever possible. They should also follow proper safety protocols when working with radiation and contrast agents, and dispose of hazardous waste materials according to regulations.
14
Q
Radiotoxicity
A
- Radiotoxicity is the study of the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.
- Ionizing radiation can cause damage to DNA, proteins, and other cellular components, leading to a range of health effects, including cancer, genetic mutations, and radiation sickness.
- Radiotoxicity is an important area of study in toxicology as it helps to assess the potential health risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation.
- Sources:
- Environmental include: geological samples, building and inhaled radon.
- Artificial include: flights, weapons, medical X-ray and nuclear power plants.
15
Q
Types of ionizing radiation
A
- There are three types of ionizing radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
- Alpha particles are the least penetrating and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or the outer layer of skin. However, they can cause significant damage if inhaled or ingested.
- Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha particles and can penetrate through skin and clothing. They can also cause damage if inhaled or ingested.
- Gamma rays are the most penetrating and can pass through thick layers of concrete and steel. They can cause damage if exposure is prolonged or if large doses are received.
