Lecture 18 - Stress

Question 1

What 2 compounds act on adrenergic receptors?

Answer 1

-Epinephrine (EPI) [adrenaline]: mostly in the PNS
-Norepinephrine (NE) [noradrenaline]: bodies Locus Ceruleus (12,000/side) [important for orienting response]

Question 2

What are the adrenergic receptors?

Answer 2

-a1 (Gq)
-a2 (Gi)
-B1, B2 (Gs)
-B3 (fat cells)

Question 3

Beta-blockers affect which adrenergic receptors?

Answer 3

-beta blockers are often prescribed after a heart attack
-they affect B1 and B2

Question 4

Who looked at stress and found 2 different types of stress?

Answer 4

-Hans Selye
-eustress: positive stress (wedding day, first date, marathon)
-distress: negative stress (grades, money problems, relationship argument)

Question 5

What is the full stress model?

Answer 5

Stressor –> Stress –> Stress response
[what Hans was talking about was more about the stressors; less about the response]

Question 6

What are the 2 types of stress response?

Answer 6

-immediate (normal acute stress response)
-delayed (to keep us alive during cold winter, or starving period)

Question 7

What does the immediate response look like?

Answer 7

-the adrenal gland releases adrenaline into bloodstream –> HR and blood pressure goes up, and we sweat and sugar becomes more accessible

Question 8

What are the four Fs [immediate stress]?

Answer 8

-fighting
-fleeing
-feeding
-fornication

Question 9

Who is Robert Sapolski?

Answer 9

-he wrote a book called Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers
-they stress for max 2mins [how long lion gives max energy], then go back to grazing if lion doesn’t catch them

Question 10

What does the delayed stress response look like?

Answer 10

-hypothalamus [CRH]–> pituitary [ACTH]–> adrenal
-then adrenal makes cortisol and either sends it back to pituitary, hypothalamic, or hippocampus cortex
-hippocampus cortex reduces HPA axis which leads to delayed stress response

Question 11

What operations does cortisol do?

Answer 11

-converts muscle to energy
-raises insulin for energy (become insulin resistant)
-reduces immune response (leads to heart disease, diabetes, many diseases)

Question 12

What happens when we experience too much stress? What about those with PTSD?

Answer 12

-hippocampus shrinks
-those with PTSD have lower cortisol [some amount of stress is important] (can be treated with CBT)

Question 13

Where does cortisol bind?

Answer 13

-DA neurons in VTA have corticosteroid/Glucorticoid receptors that cortisol binds to

Question 14

What does stress increase?

Answer 14

-increased 5-HT
-increased DA