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microbio final > lecture 18 digestive and urogenital diseases > Flashcards

lecture 18 digestive and urogenital diseases Flashcards

1
Q

upper GI tract

A

includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

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2
Q

lower GI tract

A

includes small and large intestines, rectum, and anus

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3
Q

accessory organs

A

include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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4
Q

GI tract characteristics

A
  • acidic environment limits microbial growth
  • bile salts kill many bacteria
  • mucus lining acts as a physical barrier preventing many microbes from attaching
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5
Q

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

EX: tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s patches (in small intestine)

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6
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent passing of loose or watery stool

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7
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of the intestines

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8
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach

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9
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

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10
Q

dysentary

A

diarrhea accompanied by pain, blood, and/or mucus

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11
Q

GI tract infections

A

MILD SYMPTOMS:
- abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, vomiting
MODERATE/SEVERE SYMPTOMS:
- dysentery, gastritis, enteritis, gastroenteritis
MOST COMMON means of transmission
- fecal-oral route due to contaminated food or water
**increased hygiene, sanitation, food processing regulations make GI tract infections less common in developed countries
- world-wide, diarrhea and dysentery kill about 2.2 million people each year, majority are children under 5

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12
Q

acute viral gastroenteritis

A
  • the immune system tends to mount a rapid and effective response to GI tract viral infections
  • these illnesses are usually ACUTE (with sudden onset of symptoms and quickly resolve within a few days)
  • *fecal-oral transmission**
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13
Q

rotavirus

A

leading cause of enteritis in children under 5

  • dehydration common
  • vaccine available
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14
Q

norovirus

A

leading cause of adult gastroenteritis

  • infectious dose <20 viral particles
  • projectile vomiting (10ft radius)
  • *common in schools, colleges, cruise ships**
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15
Q

stomach diseases

A
  • gastritis and stomach ulcers caused by HELICOBACTER PYLORI
  • can survive and grow in the acidic pH of the stomach
  • 60% of world infected; many asymptomatic
    SYMPTOMATIC individuals may develop belching, vomiting, abdominal pain due to gastritis, blood tinged stools
    inflammatory response causes stomach ulcers to form in areas where the stomach lining is damaged by the bacterium
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16
Q

food borne illnesses can be sorted into

A
  1. foodborne bacterial infections

2. food poisoning

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17
Q

foodborne bacterial infections

A

CAUSED by live bacterial pathogens that infect the GI tract, may produce toxins in the host

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18
Q

food poisoning

A

food intoxication triggered by ingested ENTEROTOXINS even in the absence of live bacteria

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19
Q

enterotoxins

A

FOOD POISONING IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH:
- prepared foods that require a lot of handling
- leaving foods at room temp for extended periods
MANY NOT AFFECTED BY HEAT
- cooking or reheating may kill the bacteria, but won’t affect the enterotoxin
usually associated with a rapid recovery period

20
Q

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin

A

linked to CREAMY FOODS

21
Q

Bacillus cereus enterotoxin

A

linked to RICE AND MEAT DISHES

22
Q

Clostridium perfringens toxin

A

found in MEAT

23
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

associated with IMPROPERLY CANNED FOOD, neurotoxin

24
Q

Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis

A
  • various Salmonella species, S. Typhimurium
    MILD:
  • vomiting, diarrhea, mucosal irritation
    SEVERE:
  • fever and septicemia
    SYMPTOMS usually spontaneous; subside after 2-5 days
  • animals act as reservoirs
  • frequent cause of OUTBREAKS with CONTAMINATED EGGS (DONT eat raw cookie dough) produce, meat
25
Q

Typhoid fever

A
  • S typhi, another Salmonella species - only infects humans
  • transmitted by fecal contaminated water
  • can be transmitted by contaminated shellfish
  • extremely serious enteric infection, not associated with diarrhea
  • *fever, malaise common, delirium, hemorrhage rare**
26
Q

septicemia

A

serious infection of the bloodstream

27
Q

Shigella dysenteriaw

A

some strains produces a Shiga toxin

  • causes the most severe form of dysentery
  • frequent, watery, bloody stools, fever, and intense abdominal pain
28
Q

E coli O157:H7, Shiga toxin producing E coli (or STEC)

A
  • frequent watery diarrhea followed by bloody diarrhea with low or no fever
  • common outbreaks associated with produce (romaine lettuce: 11/19 ongoing)
    OR contaminated meats
29
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

found in poultry intestines

  • most common foodborne infection in the US (1.6 million cases/year)
  • SPORADIC
  • from eating undercooked poultry, or contamination with poultry juices
  • safe food handling important
30
Q

C diff pseudomembrane colitis

A

CAUSED BY: C diff, spore-forming, gram POS anaerobe that secreted 2 exotoxins
- the most common HAI in the US (500,000 develops this and 29,000 die)
- usually develops toward the end of antibiotic treatment (establishes in the absence of normal microflora)
MILD CASES:
- diarrhea and moderate abdominal pain
SERIOUS CASES:
- severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and abundant watery diarrhea. may progress to dysentery
- psudomembranous colitis
- high recurrence rate

31
Q

pseudomembranous colitis

A

damage to the integrity of the colon’s lining resulting in pus-filled pseudomembranous lesions

32
Q

protozoan sources of GI tract infections

A
  1. giardiasis

2. amebic dysentery

33
Q

giardiasis

A

caused by GIARDIA LAMBLIA, a cyst producing flagellated protozoan

  • common ROUTE of infection is ingestion of cyst from animal feces contaminated water
  • disease associated with diarrhea, excessive flatulence, abdominal cramps
34
Q

amebic dysentery

A

caused by ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA, an ameboid protozoan

  • 90% of infections are asymptomatic
  • symptomatic infections range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery
35
Q

urinary system defense mechanissm

A
  • except for the outer end of urethra, organs of urinary systems are usually sterile
  • normal microflora in the urethra prevent colonization by pathogens (E coli and Lactobacillus are the most common resident microflora in the urethra)
  • flow of urine flushes out most microbes
  • low pH in urethra and vagina of females prevent invasion
36
Q

urinary tract infections

A
  • one of the most common infection in clinical settings
  • affects women more readily than med as female urethras are much shorted than males
  • some women susceptible to repeated bouts of UTIs
  • *80% of UTIs caused by Uropathogenic E coli that expresses specific virulence factors
  • also a significant problem in hospitalized patients with catheters=biofilms
  • spreads from urethra–bladder–kidney (most common route)
37
Q

cystitis

A

infection of bladder

- commonly associated with pain on urination, frequent and urgent urination, repeated infections

38
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infection of kidney

39
Q

prostatitis

A

infection of male prostate gland, commonly seen in older males

40
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome
CAUSED by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- HIV kills T-helper cells, lowering overall immunity
- HIV can go into latency by integrating its genome into host
- not a death sentence anymore due to effective antiviral therapy

41
Q

gonorrhea

A

CAUSED by Neisseria gonorrhea

  • antimicrobial resistant strains highly prevalent
  • urethral pus discharge on urination
  • intracellular gram NEG diplococci that grows in neutrophils
  • 40% males and 60% females are asymptomatic carriers
  • can cause disseminated disease in joints causing gonococcal arthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease
42
Q

chlamydial infections

A

CAUSED by Chlamydia trachomatis

  • most commonly reported bacterial STD in the US
  • causes non-gonococcal urethritis; milder symptoms, high asymptomatic rates
  • permanent damage to women’s reproductive systems
43
Q

syphilis

A

CAUSED by spirochete, Treponema pallidum
- infectious stages separated by latent period
THERE are primary, secondary, tertiary

44
Q

primary syphilis

A

symptoms on genital areas

45
Q

secondary syphilis

A

symptoms on non-genital areas

46
Q

tertiary syphilis

A

neurological or cardiovascular damage

microbio final (4 decks)

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