Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

microbio final > lecture 16-17 skin and nervous system infections > Flashcards

lecture 16-17 skin and nervous system infections Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis

A

dead cells on outside, keratinocytes on the inside layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue containing dermal cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F: melanin has antimicrobial properties

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme that breaks down the peptidoglycan layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sebum

A

an oily substance that contains low pH, lipids, is produced in sebaceous glands
- common skin bacteria metabolizes sebum leading to build up of toxic fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lesion

A

change or abnormality in the skin that is usually in a defined area; may be harmless or serious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary lesion

A

associated with a specific disease process; useful for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

rash

A

widespread eruption of lesions; may be symptomatic or asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vesicular rash

A

small elevated lesion filled with clear fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

macule

A

flat, discolorations of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

papule

A

raised solid lesion with distinct borders, not fluid filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

maculopapulary

A

small, slightly raised lesions that overlay with each other and have macules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chicken pox and shingles

A

VIRAL
CAUSE: varicella-zoster virus, enveloped dsDNA virus (Herpesviridae family)
- highly contagious (spread through respiratory droplets and direct contact with pox lesions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chickenpox signs and symptoms

A
  • fever with itchy vesicular rash

- some varicella-zoster viruses may travel to peripheral nerves and become latent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

shingles

A
  • *the reactivation of the virus**
  • rash on back and other nerve-rich areas (EX: face)
  • appears as a band of blisters on one side of the body
  • painful with burning sensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cold sores

A

VIRAL
CAUSE: herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1
TRANSMISSION: saliva & contaminated fomites
DISEASE PROGRESSION:
painful, itchy, vesicular lesions may develop on the lips about a week after infection
- initial infection may include sore throat or flulike symptoms
- HSV-1 migrates to the trigeminal nerve
- becomes latent and may later cause flare-ups (REACTIVATION) in about 2/3 of patients under stress, immunocompromised, hormonal changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

measles (Rubeola)

A

VIRAL

  • highly contagious and spread by the respiratory route
  • initial signs/symptoms appear 10 days after exposure (fever, sore throat, dry cough, spots in mouth = KOPLIK SPOTS)
  • MACULOPAPULAR RASH begins on face and spreads to trunk and extremities
  • measles virus causes cells to fuse together, multiply in respiratory tract, spreads through the lymph and blood. (Immune system kills the infected host cells resulting in the lesions and other symptoms)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

measles complication

A
  • 1/4 people with measles will require hospitalization
  • 1/1,000 will experience swelling of the brain with possible permanent brain damage
  • 1/2 out of 1,000 with measles will dies (despite care)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

encephalitis

A

swelling of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

measles prevention

A
  • measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
  • live attenuated virus (>1 years old to receive)
  • before vaccination, rates per year in the US (3-4 million cases, 48,000 hospitalizations, 1,000 cases of chronic disabilities due to measles encephalitis and 500 deaths)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hand, mouth, and foot disease (HFMD)

A

VIRAL
ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS: Coxsackievirus A16 & Enterovirus 71
CHARACTERISTICS:
- common in infants and children, especially in childcare settings
- can occur in adults
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS usually mild: fever, malaise, reduced appetite blister-like sores in the mouth, maculopapulary lesions on the hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

herpangina

A

blister-like sores in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

staph infections

A

BACTERIAL

  • spectrum of diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus
  • S aureus is a gram POS cocci in cluster morphology. yellow pigmented colonies, produces many exoenzymes as virulence factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

impetigo

A

superficial, pus-filled vesicles that can rupture and ooze, crust over into honey-colored lesions
- highly contagious spread by direct contact, contaminated fomites in childcare settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cellulitis

A

infection of lower dermis, subcutaneous fat

- red, swollen, and painful skin, may spread to lymph nodes, potentially fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

folliculitis

A

infection of hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

scalded skin syndrome

A

exfoliative toxin producing S aureus strains. toxin causes epidermis to peel off, looks like skin has been burned by boiling water

28
Q

MRSA

A

METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPH AUREUS

  • methicillin produced to combat beta-lactamase producing bacteria in the 1950s
  • some strains evolved modified PBPs not affected by methicillin
29
Q

MRSA treatment

A
  • vancomycin, rifampin, tetracyclines
  • resistance emerging
    (vancomycin-intermediate S aureus) VISA and (vancomycin-resistant S aureus) VRSA
30
Q

MRSA prevention

A

healthcare workers carefully follow hand-washing and antisepsis precautions

31
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

BACTERIAL
- STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES (GAS) can cause strep throat and also many skin infections similar to S. aureus
NECROTIZING FASCIITIS (flesh-eating disease): bacteria enters via damaged skin, secretes many exoenzymes that promote invasion
- tissue destruction within hours
SYMPTOMS
- swelling and heat at site of infection, pain disproportionate with injury
can only be cured by surgical debridement and intravenous antibiotics. 40% mortality rate

32
Q

bacterial wound infections

A

BURN AND OTHER SKIN WOUND PATIENTS
- high risk for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
~60% of burn patients develop P. aeruginosa infections
- as skin wounds heals, the bacteria can grow underneath scabs (access the bloodstream & leading to systemic infections)
- cured by meticulous wound care, antibiotics, protective creams that contain silver, debridement of affected scabs or tissue to remove bacteria

33
Q

pyocyanin

A
  • a greenish-blue pigment that causes pus to appear blue/green
  • some P aeruginosa strains make pyocyanin
34
Q

gas gangrene

A

BACTERIAL
CAUSED: Clostridium perfringens (anaerobic gram POS; endospore-forming rods that naturally live in the soil)
- gangrene is a result of damage to blood vessels, that deprive tissue of oxygen and results in tissue death by necrosis
C PERFRINGENS INFECT DEEP WOUNDS
- release foul-smelling gases as the bacteria destroy infected tissue
- if untreated, progresses to shock, kidney failure, and death

35
Q

candidiasis

A

FUNGAL
CAUSE: Candida albicans (unicellular yeast)
- normal resident of the GI tract and skin
**cutaneous candidiasis seen in damp, friction-prone skin folds EX: underarm, groin, under breasts
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- bright red macular rash
- may be accompanied by small white pustules
- rash tends to be itchy or burning and may exhibit scaling

36
Q

Tinea infections (roundworm)

A

FUNGAL
CAUSE: fungus of Trichophyton species, Microsporum species, or Epidermophyton species
- tinea (disease) classified by site
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- scaly, blistered, discolored, or inflamed
TRANSMITTED BY:
- skin abrasions, fomite contamination, and intimate contact with fungal cells, spores, or lesions
- contact with infected people or animals

37
Q

meninges

A

three layers of specialized tissue that encase the central nervous system

38
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

the colorless, watery fluid that cushions and nourishes the central nervous system

39
Q

coma

A

a prolonged state of unconsciousness that resists waking

40
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

41
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

42
Q

meningoencephalitis

A

inflammation of both the brain and meninges

43
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

paralysis caused by an inability to contract muscles

44
Q

symmetric paralysis

A

paralysis that affects both sides of the body equally

45
Q

asymmetric paralysis

A

paralysis that affects one side of the body more than another

46
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

inputs and transmits information, composed of nerves

47
Q

central nervous system

A

integrates information received, sends back an “action plan”

- composed of the brain and spinal cord

48
Q

neurons

A

transfer signals of the CNS and PNS

- categorized as motor, sensory, and interneutons

49
Q

motor neurons

A

specializing in output, or efferent

50
Q

sensory neurons

A

specializing in input, or afferent

51
Q

interneurons

A

allowing CNS and PNS communication

52
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released by neurons in response to an internal and external stimuli

53
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

produced by structures within the brain, acts as a cushion

54
Q

poliomyelitis (polio)

A

VIRAL
ETIOLOGIC AGENT: poliovirus, non-enveloped RNA virus
- transmitted through oral-fecal route
- virus infects intestinal cells, spreads to nerves, causes inflammation and damage
- leads to muscle weakness and paralysis (asymmetric/symmetric paralysis)

55
Q

SALK (1957) created

A

INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE (IPV)

  • requires several boosters
  • used in the US
56
Q

SABIN (1963) created

A

ORAL POLIO VACCINE (OPV)

  • live, attenuated poliovirus
  • vaccinated people immunize others
57
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges characterized BY: sudden onset fever, headaches, stiff neck, confusion, or disorientation
- 100% mortality rate if not treated

58
Q

Haemophilus Meningitis

A

BY Haemophilus influenzae

- Hib vaccine preventable, children under 6

59
Q

Meningococcal meningitis

A

BY Neisseria meningitides

- many vaccines available

60
Q

Pneumococcal meningitis

A

BY Streptococcus pneumonia

  • leading cause of most bacterial meningitis according to the NIH
  • S pneumoniae makes an exotoxin, stimulates severe inflammation
  • PCV7 vaccine
61
Q

bacterial neurotoxins

A
  • some bacteria have a pathogenic effect primarily because they secrete toxins
  • some of the most dangerous toxins known to mankind are neurotoxins made by bacteria
62
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

potent neurotoxin secreted by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM, a soil bacterium
- causes flaccid paralysis
- as little as 1 mg can kill an adult
FROM
- canned vegetables (beets, carrots, spinach) provide the perfect conditions for germination of endospores and production of toxins

63
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI, enters through deep puncture wounds

  • causes spastic paralysis (muscles can’t relax)
  • patients show lock-jaw (can’t close mouth), die of respiratory failure
64
Q

cryptococcsis

A

fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans

  • affects immunocompromised people
  • causes CNS defects
65
Q

African sleeping sickness

A

caused by protozoan TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI

  • transmitted by tsetse fly
  • enters blood and then crosses blood-brain barrier, infects CNS
  • *infected cannot sleep at night and cannot stay awake during the day**
66
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

caused by protozoan, TOXOPLASMA GONDII

  • cats are the definitive host of T GONDII, spread to humans by handling cat feces
  • can cause miscarriage or stillbirth in pregnant females
  • in immunocompromised = seizures, psychiatric symptoms, coma, and death may follow

microbio final (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions