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BIOL1090 > Lecture 18: Chloroplasts, Apoptosis, Endomembranes > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Chloroplasts, Apoptosis, Endomembranes Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis happens in the…?

A

Chloroplast

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2
Q

What are the two different reactions that photosynthesis can be divided into?

A

Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions

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3
Q

Chloroplast have…

A

Double membrane

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4
Q

Stroma of the chloroplast is the

A

inter membrane space

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5
Q

Thylakoid membrane inside the thylakoids has..

A

All of the necessary things to allow photosynthesis to take place

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6
Q

Light dependent reactions occur..

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

Function of the light-dependent reactions is to

A

Excite electrons that are used to generate a proton gradient

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8
Q

Light-dependent reactions steps

A

Electron enters ETC, and H+ is pumped into the thylakoid membrane

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9
Q

Co-enzyme in light-dependent reactions is

A

NADP+ and NADPH

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10
Q

Light-independent reactions occur in

A

Stroma of the chloroplast

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11
Q

Light-independent reactions are also known as..

A

Dark reactions/calvin cycle

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12
Q

What happens in the light-independent reactions?

A

CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates by ATP and NADPH

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13
Q

Programmed cell death (Apoptosis) is…

A

A normal process that involves the death of cells in a coordinated sequence of events, it is part of an organisms growth and development

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14
Q

Programmed cell death genes…

A

Are sequenced in every single cell, however they are just not activated if a cell isn’t undergoing apoptosis

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15
Q

How does apoptosis happen?

A

Bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) is a secreted protein that binds to bmp receptors which activates apoptosis

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16
Q

Apoptosis is characterized by

A
  • shrinkage of the cell
  • fragmentation of DNA and nucleus
  • blebbing (bulge or protrusion) of the plasma membrane
  • loss of attachment to other cells
  • engulfment by phagocytosis
17
Q

What stimuli can cause apoptosis?

A
  • genetic damage, hypoxia, virus infection
  • proteins such as Bax cause change in mitochondria membrane potential and to the leak of cytochrome c
  • release of apoptosis mitochondria proteins commits cell to apoptosis
18
Q

Bax proteins function like…

A
  • bind to mitochondria
  • forms pores in membrane and cytochrome c spills out into cytosol
  • apoptosome is formed by cytochrome c and Bax
  • this forms other structures which trigger apoptosis
19
Q

What are the functions of Caspases?

A
  • disrupts cell adhesion
  • destroys laminate
  • breaks down cytoskeleton
  • activates DNase
20
Q

Too little apoptosis…

A

Leads to cancer

21
Q

Too much apoptosis leads to…

A

Alzheimer’s

22
Q

Function of the cytosol

A

Protein synthesis, many metabolic pathways

23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Synthesis of lipids, synthesis of proteins

24
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Protein modification, packaging of proteins and lipids

25
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Degradation of cellular material

26
Q

Endosomes function

A

Sorting, recycling

27
Q

What is the endo membrane system?

A

Extensive network inside the cell that consists of: ER, Endosomal transport vesicles, golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles

28
Q

GFP is?

A

Fluorescent protein that can be fused with cellular proteins, and can be expressed in cells to track proteins

29
Q

Vesicular transport destinations

A

Organelle to PM and vice versa
Organelle to Organelle and vice versa

30
Q

During vesicular transport…

A

The vesicle buds off donor compartment and makes its way to recipient compartment via motor protein

31
Q

What is being transported during vesicular transport?

A

Certain proteins must stay in donar compartment and certain proteins will be transported to recipient compartment. These proteins are sensed by receptors present in the cytosol of the compartment

32
Q

Key elements of vesicular trafficking:

A
  1. Movement of vesicle - uses cytoskeleton and motor proteins, can be anterograde or retrograde
  2. Tethering vesicle to target compartment - via proteins from Rab family
  3. Docking of vesicle to target compartment - uses proteins called SNAREs
  4. Fusion of vesicle and target membrane
33
Q

Anterograde vs retrograde

A

Anterograde - forward (from ER to Golgi)
Retrograde - backward (Golgi to ER)

BIOL1090 (11 decks)

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