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BIOL1090 > Lecture 14: Cell Diversity And Viruses > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Cell Diversity And Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

The genome is a dynamic…

A

Information system which impacts how cells respond and what actions they take

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2
Q

Cells contain a large number of…

A

Components

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3
Q

Cells are organized with respect to…

A

Time and space

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells are structurally more _____ than prokaryotic cells

A

Complex

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5
Q

Protista are…

A

Enormously diverse

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6
Q

Protista basic features (6)

A
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Mostly aquatic
  • Often contain flagella or cilia - ability to be motile
  • Sexual and asexual reproduction
  • Diverse nutrition lifestyles
  • Link between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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7
Q

Protista nutrition lifestyles include… (5)

A

Photosynthetic
Holotrophic - ingest other organisms and digest that (e.g. amoeba)
Saprotrophic - ingest dead material
Parasitic
Symbiotic - Protista and microalgae work together to form lycans

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8
Q

Examples of Protista… (4)

A
  • Protozoans
  • Unicellular red and green algae
  • Diatoms
  • Slime molds
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9
Q

Protista are found where on the phylogenetic tree?

A

Between the fungi and the prokaryotes

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10
Q

Slime molds were previously identified to be a part of the ______ kingdom, but are now grouped into the kingdom _____ - it is not a _______

A

Fungal
Protista
Mold

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11
Q

Slime mold basic features

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Single celled
  • Use spores as form of sexual reproduction
  • Size: less than 1 dm to several square metres
  • Multinucleate (1 cell has 1000s of nuclei)
  • Have capacity to move around and respond to their environment
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12
Q

What is the sole purpose of viruses?

A

To make more of themselves

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13
Q

The virosphere is…

A

All of the viruses present on planet earth

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14
Q

There are probably millions of distinct viruses because…

A

Each microbe is associated with at least one virus

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15
Q

How many viruses have we characterized so far?

A

About 5000

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16
Q

Viruses are not ______

A

cells

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17
Q

Viruses reproduce only…

A

Within living cells

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18
Q

Outside of a cell, a virus is a…

A

Virion - when a virus exists as an inanimate particle outside of a cell

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19
Q

Basic properties of viruses

A
  1. Highly complex and organized
  2. Activity controlled by a genetic program - however coding capacity can be low
  3. Can reproduce - make copies of themselves
  4. Can evolve - very rapidly - variants
20
Q

Structure of viruses

A
  • All have a nucleic acid
  • Protein coat (capsid - composed of capsid proteins) that surrounds nucleic acid
  • Enclosed in a protein-containing membrane (enveloped - many) or not (naked or in enveloped)
  • Nucleic acid either RNA or DNA; encodes viral proteins - thus either RNA or DNA viruses
21
Q

HIV features

A
  • Retrovirus
  • RNA - can be converted to DNA
  • Insert copy of its genome into the hosts DNA
  • Permanent - AIDS
22
Q

Hep-B features

A
  • Hepadnavirus
  • DNA virus
  • Affects human liver and causes infection
23
Q

Ebola virus features

A
  • Filovirus
  • Encode their genome in the form of single-stranded negative-sense RNA
  • Kills cells quickly
24
Q

Bacteriophage is a virus that

A

Infect prokaryotes - within bacteria and archaea

25
Q

Adenovirus features

A
  • Large group
  • Respiratory illness
26
Q

Tobacco Mosaic virus is…

A

One of the smallest viruses we know of, about 300 nm in size

27
Q

Bacteriophages bind to bacteria through…

A

Tail fibers

28
Q

Inside capsid head of bacteriophage, it contains…

A

Nucleic acid, which is mostly DNA

29
Q

Sheath of a bacteriophage…

A

Injects DNA into bacteria

30
Q

DNA of bacteriophage…

A

insert into bacteria genome and starts to replicate itself to be released from bacteria

31
Q

CRISPR-Cas is…

A

A way to battle continuous attacks from bacteriophages, CRISPR-Cas is an evolved-like immune system.

32
Q

Types of host ranges that viruses can have are… (2)

A
  • Narrow host range - cold
  • Wide host range - rabies
33
Q

Once inside a cell, the virus…

A

Hijacks cellular machinery to synthesize nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) and proteins, which are assembled to make new viruses (viruses replicate within the host)

34
Q

What are the two main types of viral life cycles?

A
  • Lytic
  • Non-lytic (lysogenic)
35
Q

Non-lytic (lysogenic) viral life cycle is…

A
  • Viral nucleic acid is replicated in the host; viral proteins produced
  • Virus reproduces without destroying the host cell
36
Q

Lytic viral life cycle is…

A
  • Production of virus particles ruptures (and kills) host cell (e.g. bacteriophages; Ebola virus)
37
Q

Combination of both ____ and ____ life cycles are found in nature

A

Lysogenic and Lytic - e.g. cold sores

38
Q

Lysogenic life cycle:

A
  • Once enveloped virus proteins recognizes proteins on the surface of host, goes through endocytosis, and virus is internalized
  • Virus ejects capsid, and separates nucleic acid from capsid
  • Separated nucleic acid creates envelope that goes to plasma membrane and also created capsid proteins that form around a new nucleic acid
  • exocytosis takes place and new virus is created
39
Q

Rabies has an…

A

Enveloped single-stranded RNA genome

40
Q

How do RNA vaccines work?

A

Trick the body’s cells into producing fragment of virus

41
Q

Glycoproteins are…

A

A gene that is on the outside of the cell

42
Q

COVID-19 Spike protein

A

Binds to cells, and have evolved through many spike variants

43
Q

What is a provirus?

A

Virus that can integrate into host genome

44
Q

HPV virus is a…

A

DNA virus

45
Q

What is a strategy to make RNA vaccines more effective?

A

Replicate, makes lots of copies of the RNA template for producing antigens

46
Q

What is the main factor that determines what cell type a virus can infect?

A

Surface expression of a specific protein

BIOL1090 (11 decks)

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