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PSYC 115 > Lecture 18: Basic Needs > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Basic Needs Flashcards

1
Q

What motivates us?

A
  1. Basic needs: required for survival (food, water, sex)
  2. Secondary needs: belonging, love
  3. Emotions: how we feel along the way
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2
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Self-actualization, esteem, belonging and love, safety, physiological

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3
Q

Drives

A

Motivation to satisfy our basic needs
Based on physiological signs
Triggers behavior to satisfy our need

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of the body’s systems with optimal range

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5
Q

Examples of deprivation leading to correct action

A

You hold your breath, you need oxygen, you feel suffocated, you breathe
You skip breakfast, you need food, you feel hungry, you eat
You don’t drink enough fluids, you need water, you feel thirsty, you drink

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6
Q

What does behavior reflect?

A

The balance of our drives

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7
Q

Biological underpinnings of basic needs

A

Hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and pituitary gland

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8
Q

The role of the hypothalamus in basic needs

A

Collection of nuclei involved in regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep and arousal
Controls ANS
Links nervous system with endocrine system via projections to pituitary gland

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9
Q

How does the hypothalamus work?

A
  1. Gets input from the body about state of the body
  2. Controls hormones and ANS to take corrective action
  3. Gets updated feedback
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10
Q

Goal to achieve homeostasis

A

regulating fluid and nutrients

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11
Q

Why drink?

A

maintain optimal blood pressure and fluid levels

emotional/social reasons

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12
Q

Why eat?

A

brain needs glucose

emotional/social reasons

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13
Q

Basic drives: thirst

A

Increase in solute concentration

Decrease in bodily fluids

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14
Q

Basic drives: eating

A

From purely physiological perspective, hunger and satiety should define eating behaviors
But also cultural, social influences on eating behavior

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15
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Hypothalamus acts as body regulator
If you’re hungry, you find food and conserve energy
If you’re full, you stop eating and expend energy

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16
Q

Hunger: signals from the body

A

State of body continuously monitored by brain and liver

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17
Q

Ghrelin

A

Potent stimulator of food intake & thoughts about food

Released by stomach

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18
Q

Satiety: signals from the body

A

Gastric distention

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19
Q

Insulin

A

Released from pancreas in response to elevated glucose

20
Q

Leptin

A

Released from fat cells to signal satiety

21
Q

Ob mouse

A

Ob mouse strain has low metabolism, overeats, obese, diabetes in adulthood
Cannot produce leptin - produced by adipose tissue

22
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei moderate intake

A

Lesions of lateral hypothalamus leads to anorexia
Lesions of ventromedial hypothalamus leads to overeating
Feeding center vs. satiety center

23
Q

Eating is more than physiology….

A

It engages reward circuits

24
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Reward signals

Flavor information

25
Q

Taste information

A

Goes to hypothalamus

26
Q

The munchies

A

Endocannabinoids act on the hypothalamus to increase hunger

THC mimics endocannabinoid action

27
Q

What motivates sexual behavior?

A

Physiology (chemicals: hormones, NT; gender differences)
Society and culture (regulation of behavior)
Hedonism (enjoyment, pleasure)

28
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm phase
Resolution phase

29
Q

Excitement phase

A

Increase in blood flow to genitals

Feelings of arousal

30
Q

Plateau phase

A

Increase in pulse, breathing and blood pressure

31
Q

Orgasm phase

A

Involuntary muscle contractions
Increase in breathing and heart rate
Contractions of vagina and ejaculation of semen

32
Q

Sexual hormones

A

Androgens & estrogens, testosterone, estrogen, oxytocin

33
Q

Testosterone

A

Males need a certain amount to be able to engage in sex

Higher levels of testosterone in women associated with more sexual thoughts & desires

34
Q

Estrogen

A

Higher levels related to female sexuality, especially during certain menstrual phases

35
Q

Oxytocin

A

Released during sexual arousal and orgasm

Involved in social behavior & bonding

36
Q

Sex and the brain

A

Just like hunger/thirst, the brain responds to sex drive signals from the body

37
Q

Neurotransmitters also modulate sexual drives

A

DA, serotonin, and nitric oxide influence sexual functioning
Antidepressants enhance serotonin, reduce sexual interest
Sexual stimulation leads to NO production, which promotes blood flow

38
Q

Sex and culture

A

Cultures may seek to restrain and control sex for multiple reasons, including maintaining control over the birthrate, helping establish paternity, and reducing conflicts
Also determine which behaviors are appropriate for which gender

39
Q

Sexual interactions are more than physiology…

A

Depiction of sexual behavior in the media molds beliefs and expectations about what sexual behaviors are appropriate & when they’re appropriate

40
Q

Sexual scripts

A

Cognitive beliefs about how sexual episode should be enacted

41
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Homosexuality considered mental illness until 1973 across western cultures
Overwhelming majority of studies have found no evidence that environmental factors have anything to do w/ sexual orientation

42
Q

Biological factors

A

Exposure to hormones, especially androgens, in prenatal environment
Altering expression of a single “master” gene reversed the sexual orientation of male and female flies
Hypothalamus may be related to sexual orientation

43
Q

Drives don’t always come from within

A

Incentives: external objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors

44
Q

Sometimes we don’t know where drives come from

A

Can be outside conscious awareness

45
Q

Hedonism

A

Humans’ desire for pleasure

Links into brain’s DA reward system

46
Q

Hedonism & the pleasure principle

A

Freud: drives are satisfied according to the pleasure principle (people seek pleasure & avoid pain)

47
Q

The need to belong

A

Adaptive: our ancestors who lived with others were more likely to survive and pass their genes along
Effective groups shared food, provided mates, helped care for offspring, including orphans

PSYC 115 (8 decks)

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