Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 1010 > lecture 18 > Flashcards

lecture 18 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

body temperature

A
  • thermoregulation is the maintenance of body temp within a tolerable range
  • most of life’s processes are very sensitive to body temp
  • every animal species has a optimal temp range
  • important to keep temp within this range
  • humans: 37 degrees
  • endotherms are warmed and heated by their own metabolism
  • ex) humans and birds
  • ectotherms gain most of their heat from the environment and other external sources
    ex) amphibians and fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

heat can be exchanged with the environment in four ways

A
  1. conduction
  2. convection
  3. radiation
  4. evaporation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

conduction

A
  • transfer of heat in between molecules by direct contact

- heat always moves from the hotter object to the colder object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

convection

A

-transfer of heat by the movement of fluid across a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

radiation

A
  • emission of electromagnetic waves

- can transfer heat in between objects that are not in direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

evaporation

A
  • loss of heat from the surface of a liquid

- happens when a molecule obtains enough energy to leave the liquid and become gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adaptation for thermoregulation

A
  1. metabolism
  2. insulation
  3. circulation
    - evaporative cooling
    - behavioural repsonses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

metabolism

A
  • hormonal changes in cold weather boost the metabolic rate of mammals, increasing heat production
  • additionally moving around more increases heat production
  • shivering: contraction of skeletal muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

insulation

A
  • hair, feathers, or fat

- raising or fur or feathers in response to cold traps heat against the surface of the body (goose bumps: humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

circulation

A
  • heat loss can be controlled by the changing the amount of blood flowing to the skin surface
  • blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate and constrict
  • conserves heat in the bodies trunk when necessary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

evaporative cooling

A
  • painting, sweating, and spreading saliva on bodily surfaces all act to decrease body temp
  • humans sweat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

behavioral responses

A
  • migration of birds to different climates
  • basking in the sun when cold or seeking shade when hot
  • bathing functions to cool immediately
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

excretion

A
  • animals must dispose of nitrogenous wastes
  • excretion is the disposal of metabolic wastes
  • nitrogenous wastes are products of protein metabolism
  • ammonia is poisonous
  • water soluble and easily disposed of in animals
  • it is converted to urea which is less toxic and much safer to store within the body
  • urea and uric acid require energy to produce
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

reproduction:asexual

A
  • can be sexual or asexual
  • asexual reproduction results in offspring genetically identical to the parent
  • allows for the production of many offspring very quickly
  • binary fission: two equally sized cells are produced from one parent cell
  • budding: two cells of unequal size are produced from one parent cell
  • parthenogenesis: development of an unfertilized egg
  • regeneration: entire body parts of some animals can be regenerated
  • in humans regeneration is limited to healing and tissue repair
  • liver has extensive regenerative capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

reproduction: sexual

A
  • sexual reproduction: fusion of haploid gametes from two parents forms a diploid zygote
  • results in extensive genetic variation within offspring
  • some animals exhibit hermaproditism
  • both male and female reproductive organs are present on the same animals
  • in humans this can sometimes occur by mistake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reproduction: external fertilization

A
  • occurs in many fish and amphibians
  • eggs and sperm are released into water for fertilization to take place
  • often physical contact is not required
  • timing is very important because the eggs must be ripe
17
Q

reproduction: internal fertilization

A
  • sperm are deposited within or close to the female reproductive tract and gametes unite within the tract
  • an adaptation the omits the need for water
  • requires copulation: sexual intercourse
18
Q

nervous system: radial symmetry

A
  • the organization of the animals nervous system correlates with form of body symmetry
  • animals that are radially symmetrical:
  • have web-like nervous systems
  • ex) nerve net in hydra
  • diffuse throughout the animal body
  • no central or peripheral nervous system
19
Q

nervous system: bilateral symmetry

A
  • bilateral symmetry:
  • these organisms tend to move through their environment
  • requires a head with concentrated sensory organs
  • two major adaptions are found within this group:
  • cephalization:concentration of the nervous system st the head end
  • centralization: a central nervous system(CNS) distinct from the peripheral nervous system
20
Q

nervous system: vertebrate nervous system

A
  • highly specialized
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord
  • PNS: peripheral nerves
  • vertebrate and skull function to protect nerves
21
Q

senses

A
  • senses are important for animal function
  • guide movement
  • salmon use senses to find their breeding areas
  • bears use their senses to locate salmon
  • collectively these senses gather info that facilitates feeding, migrating, and other behaviors
  • sensory info arrives as a sensation to the brain
  • how the brain interprets this info is referred to as perception
  • sensory receptors:
  • detect stimuli and convert the info into an action potential that is then sent to the brain
  • these receptors are highly specialized to pick up stimuli and are located within sensory organs:
  • eyes, nose taste buds
  • the stimulus energy is transmitted into an action potential which is what will then be sent to the brain
22
Q

five categories of sensory receptors

A
  • many types of receptors can be found on the skin alone
    1. pain receptors
    2. thermoreceptors
    3. mechanoreceptors
    4. chemoreceptors
    5. electromagnetic receptors
23
Q

pain receptors

A

-detect stimuli that are considered dangerous

24
Q

thermoreceptors

A

-detect heat or cold, monitors body temp

25
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

-respond to any changes in mechanical energy such as touch, pressure, and sound

26
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • repsond to chemicals
  • the nose and the mouth detect chemicals in the enviornment and those about to enter the body
  • internal receptors detect chemicals within the body
27
Q

electromagentic receptors

A

-respond to electricity, magnetism, and light (detected by photoreceptors)

28
Q

vision

A
  • a number of different eyes types have developed in vertebrates
    1. simple eye:
  • these are cups that sense light intensity and direction
  • does not detect an image
    2. many-lens compound eyes of insects:
  • each unit of the animal has a lens and picks up light from a small portion of the field view
  • generates an image from that area only
  • all of the lenses together generate the entire picture which is pixelated
    3. single-lens eyes of squid:
  • similar to a camera
  • single lens focuses the image using special muscles in the eye
29
Q

vertebrate eye

A
  • single lens
  • cornea and the flexible lens focus the light (via bending) on the retina which contains photoreceptor cells
  • light passes through the lens which bends the light ray such that is falls on the retina
  • near sighted individuals are only able to see things that are close
  • the object is focused within the eye and not on the retina
  • far-sighted individuals are only able to see things that are far away
  • the object is focused behind the retina
30
Q

locomotion

A
  • locomotion is the active travel from one place to another
  • the animal must be able to overcome both gravity and friction
  • animals that swim are supported by the body of water but are also slowed by drag created in the water
  • animals that move on land are less opposed by friction (air is lighter than water) but they must support their body weight against the force of gravity:
    1. hopping
    2. running
    3. walking
    4. crawling
31
Q

skeletal support

A
  • skeletons provide important structure for movement, protection and support
  • muscles pull against the skeleton during movement
  • protects internal organs within the cavity
  • hydrostatic skeletons:
  • fluid held under pressure in a body cavity
  • worms and cniadrians
  • exoskeleton:
  • hard, external cases
  • chitinous, jointed exoskeletons of arthropods
  • includes shells of some molluscs
  • endoskeletons:
  • hard or leathery supporting elements within the soft tissue of an animal
  • vertebrate endoskeleton is composed entirely of cartilage and bone
  • sharks have an endoskeleton composed entirely of cartilage

Bio 1010 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions