lecture 18

Question 1

what does aggression result from?

Answer 1

anger

Question 1

what does avoidance result from?

Answer 1

fear

Question 2

what is happiness the result of?

Answer 2

(positively) reinforced behavior
(in order to achieve happiness)

Question 3

what are the 2 Subsystems of the limbic (emotional) system

Answer 3

1. Septum, cingulate gyrus, nucleus accumbens:
   - involved in reinforced behaviors/rewards
   - DOPAMINE used in rewards and reinforced behaviors
2. Amygdala
   - Fear and anger

Question 4

what are the 2 inputs to the amygdala

Answer 4

Visual and auditory cortex - certain things you see or hear will signal to amygdala that there is a threat

Thalamus - relay station for visual and auditory cortex: don’t have conscious access to thalamus, subconscious

Question 5

What kind of input does the amygdala respond to?

Answer 5

Facial expressions of emotions - fearful and angry
Vocal emotions (fearful sounds)
responds to subliminal stimuli (bc of direct input form thalamus)

Question 6

what are the 2 Outputs of amygdala

Answer 6

1. Hypothalamus
   Sympathetic Autonomic Response →
   increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
2. Midbrain → pons (hindbrain) → muscles:
   flinching, freezing

Question 7

are all fears learned or do we have innate fears too?

Answer 7

The only thing that is innate is startled noises

Question 8

The amygdala involved in learning what type of memories?

Answer 8

they are learning NEW fears

Question 9

How does female rats becoming less aggressive when injected with estradiol relate to the menstrual cycle in human females

Answer 9

when you are menstrating you have low estradiol (estrogen) and are more prone to mood swings