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MICB 3301 Exam 3 > Lecture 17 Symbiosis and Immunology > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Symbiosis and Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Metagenomics?

A
  • analysis of genetic material derived from microbial communities.
  • can reveal diversity and metabolic potential of microbial communities
  • culture-independent
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2
Q

A Metagenomic Approach

A
  • Isolate genomic DNA
  • PCR amplify SSU rRNA genes (16S rRNA in bacteria)
  • Clone and sequence amplified DNA
  • Compare to database of known genes
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3
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

both partners benefit (often obligatory)

  • Mycorrhizal fungi and plants
  • Squid and bacteria
  • Coral and zooxanthellae
  • Tube worms and bacteria
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4
Q

Describe a Signaling molecule (autoinducer)

A
  • Diffusible- moves in and out of cells
  • Low cell density, gradient favors movement out
  • High cell density, gradient favors movement in and genes activated
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5
Q

Quorum sensing

A
  • Vibrio fischeri

- control light production; cells produce light only if they are at a high density

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6
Q

Mutualism: Photosynthetic Algae and Coral

A
  • Use energy from photosynthesis to fix CO2 into Carbohydrate
  • Symbiosis disrupted by changes in ocean temperature and acidity, can cause Coral Bleaching
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7
Q

Mutualism: Tube Worms and Bacteria

A
  • Giant (>1M in length) tube worms (Riftia) grow several thousand meters below the surface of the ocean, near hydrothermal vents rich in hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
  • The worms have no mouth or gut.
  • Tube worm uses hemoglobin to deliver H2S and CO2 to bacteria in Trophosome
  • Bacteria oxidize H2S for electrons
  • Electrons enter and ETC, generates a PMF to make ATP and NADPH
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8
Q

Describe the Immune system

A
  • widely distributed cells, tissues, organs
  • recognizes foreign substances, neutralizes or destroys
  • antigens - foreign substances that provoke immune response
  • antibodies - bind antigens, inactivate or eliminate
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9
Q

Describe Immunity

A

-Ability to resist disease or infection

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10
Q

What is Immunology

A

-Studies how body defends against foreign invaders, harmful substances

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11
Q

Describe Innate Immunity

A
  • non-specific
  • first line of defense
  • fast
  • no memory
  • cells - macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
  • components - anatomical features, complement, toll-like receptors, cytokines
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12
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • The cells responsible for both innate and adaptive immune responses are the leukocytes (White blood cells)
  • All leukocytes originate from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow
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13
Q

Five Major Types of Leukocytes

A

-Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils,
Monocytes - mature into macrophages or dendritic cells
Lymphocytes - T,B and Natural Killer (NK) cells

-Macrophages, Neutrophils and Dendritic Cells are the major cells of the innate immune response.

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14
Q

Macrophages

A
  • From monocytes in blood

- Enter, reside in tissue

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15
Q

What are the Three Major Functions of Macrophages

A
    1. Phagocytic
  • Note: Dendritic cells and Neutrophils also phagocytic
  • Engulf and destroy pathogens
  • Use reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Nitric Oxide
    1. Antigen presentation
    1. Make cytokines
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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • Pseudopodia
  • Phagosome
  • Lysosome
  • Phagolysomsome
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17
Q

What are the Major Antigen Presenting Cells and what doe they do?

A
  • Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and B cells
  • Cells that can take in protein antigens, process them, and present peptide fragments of the antigen bound to MHC molecules to T cells
18
Q

Physical Barriers of the Innate Immune Response

A
  • Skin and Mucous Membranes

- Normal microflora at these sites also protect by competing with potential pathogens

19
Q

Chemical Barriers of the Innate Immune Response

A
  • Acidic pH of stomach
  • Lysozyme in tears and breast milk
  • Defensins - antimicrobial peptides

Other components - Complement, Toll-like receptors, Cytokines

20
Q

Innate Immunity: The Complement System

A
  • > 30 serum proteins
  • Activated by enzymatic cleavage
  • “complements” activity of antibody

Functions:

  • opsonins - coat microbes for phagocytosis (Ex: C3b)
  • Chemotactic factors - PMN migration from blood to infection (Ex: C5a)
21
Q

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

A
  • Pattern recognition receptors
  • At least 10 distinct receptors in family
  • Bind Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
22
Q

PAMPs

A
  • TLR4 - LPS
  • TLR2 - peptidoglycan
  • TLR3 - dsRNA
  • TLR5 - flagellin
23
Q

Interleukins (IL)

A
  • stimulate cell growth, differentiation, proliferation
24
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

A
  • increases vascular permeability, induces fever, activates B and T cells
25
Q

Chemokines

A

-stimulate cell migration to infection sites

26
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A
  • induce fever

- circulate to brain –> induce neurons to make prostaglandins –> fever

27
Q

Interferons

A

-produced in response to viruses - block viral replication and assembly

28
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

A
  • Discriminates between self and nonself
  • Has Specificity and Memory
  • Slower than innate
29
Q

Adaptive Immune Response: Components, Main Cells

A

-Antibody Antigen Receptors, Major Histocompatibity Complex (MHC)

  • Main cells - B and T lymphocytes)
  • From stem cells in bone marrow
  • B cells mature in bone marrow
  • T cells mature in thymus
30
Q

Adaptive Immunity: Humoral

A
  • involves antibodies (made by B cells)

- defends against extracellular pathogens

31
Q

Adaptive Immunity : Cell-Mediated

A
  • Involves T cells

- Largely defends against intracellular pathogens

32
Q

Primary lymphoid Organs

A

-Bone marrow, Thymus

33
Q

Secondary lymphoid Organs

A
  • Where lymphocytes engage antigen

- Spleen and Lymph nodes (hundreds in human body)

34
Q

B cells

A
  • Make antibodies
  • Are Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells

-Activated by Antigen and/or T cells

35
Q

Antibodies (Immunoglobulin)

A

-Proteins made by B cells
Defend against extracellular pathogens
-Attached to B cell surface or free in blood and tissues

-Bind antigens - neutralize or opsonize

36
Q

Affinity

A

-Strength that antibody binds antigen

37
Q

Epitopes

A
  • parts of an antigen that antibodies bind
38
Q

IgM

A
  • Frist Ig after antigen exposure
  • secreting plasma cells can switch and produce another Ig class
  • Pentamer
39
Q

IgG

A

-Major Ig in serum, can cross placenta, can activate complement

40
Q

IgA

A
  • major Ig in secretions (saliva, breast milk, tears)

- dimer

41
Q

IgE

A

-allergic reactions called Type 1 hypersensitivities

42
Q

IgD

A
  • found on B cell surfaces, role in signaling

MICB 3301 Exam 3 (5 decks)

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