Lecture 17: Hearing and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

what is the human range of hearing?

A

20Hz-20kHz

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2
Q

What cranial nerve innervates to hearing?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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3
Q

The 3 bones in the inner ear are:

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
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4
Q

The cochlea

A

the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.

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5
Q

First Stage

Sound waves are collected in ____ and ____ ear. Pressure is _____ so that air can be transmitted to ____ -____ ______.

A

outer and middle

amplified; fluid-filled cochlea

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6
Q

The middle ear:

A

boosts pressure of air to overcome higher impedance of inner fluid ear

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7
Q

The Inner Ear

Most ____ structure. Where pressure waves are transformed into :

A

critical

neural impulses

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8
Q

The cochlea is also:

A

decomposes complex waveforms

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9
Q

Hair cells:

A

transform mechanical movements into electrical impulses for the brain

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10
Q

Transformation: Step 01

Displacement of fluid in ____ and ____ windows move the ____ membrane. This movement _____ the hair cells

A

round and oval
basilar
deflects

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11
Q

Deflection of Hair Cells: Step 02

Deflection causes a channel to ____, releasing _____, _____ hair cells. _____ is pumped ___ the cell

A

open, potassium, depolarizing

Calcium; into

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12
Q

Neuron (auditory) Nerve

Influx of _____ triggers the release of a _________.

A

calcium; neurotransmitter

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13
Q

The basilar membrane movement:

A

deflects hair cells

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14
Q

Properties of Basilar Membrane

Maximum _____ will occur at ____ points depending on _____ of sound waves

A

deflection; different

frequency

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15
Q

Base = ____ resonant frequency. this ____ and ___ region near the ____ window

A

high
narrow and stiff
oval

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16
Q

Apex= _____ resonant frequency. this ____ and ____ region is _____.

A

low
wide and floppy
flexible

17
Q

As the sound travels from the base of the cochlea to the apex, the ____ the frequency, the _____ it travels

A

lower/longer or higher/shorter

18
Q

Cochlear Implants

The _____ ____ is attached to the ____.

A

electrode array; cochlea

19
Q

Balance

Ability to balance is due to:

A

the brain changes in direction and making motor corrections

20
Q

The semicircular canal:

A

response to rotation acceleration of the head

21
Q

The otolith organs:

A

respond to linear acceleration and static position

- sense linear acceleration

22
Q

Canals filled with fluid

allows the brain to ____ ______. Important function is to adjust the _____ during locomotion

A

sense movements

eyes

23
Q

Motion sickness is due to :

A

mismatch between information from your eyes and vestibular system

24
Q

Features of the Vestibular System

Large radius =

A

lower sensitvity

25
Q

Features of the Vestibular System

Expected if animals engage in

A

high frequency head movements. they do not want over saturation