Lecture 17 (exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Protein folding in the cytoplasm and in the ER

A

Some proteins are translated straight into the cytoplasm

some proteins are translocated into the ER during translocation

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2
Q

Protein folding in the cytoplasm

A

Some proteins begin to fold while being synthesized

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3
Q

Problems with simplistic view of folding

A
  • folding intermediated
  • folding that requires distinct amino acids from different regions of the polypeptide
  • folding that requires post-translational mdoification
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4
Q

Molten Globule Structure

A

most newly synthesized proteins can form compact domain structures with most of the final secondary features (alpha-helices, beta-sheets)

quickly achieved, highly dynamic and flexible state

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5
Q

Chaperone-mediated folding

A

most proteins probably don’t fold before synthesis is completed

Each domain of a newly synthesized protein quickly attains a molten globule state
—>
subsequent folding is slow; it involves multiple steps that require a chaperone

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6
Q

chaperones and protein folding

A

protein folding occurs via multiple binding and release steps by the chaperones

many proteins need chaperones to fold into their final conformation

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7
Q

common caperones

A

Hsp60, Hsp70, and lectin chaperones in the ER

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8
Q

Hsp60 and Hsp70

A

chaperones

heat shock proteins Hsp60 and Hsp70 help protein to fold into their right conformation

structurally they are different

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9
Q

Hsp60 and Hsp70 have high affinity

A

to hydrophobic patches on polypeptide chains

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10
Q

Hsp60 and Hsp70 use _____ to regulate protein folding

A

ATP

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11
Q

Hsp70 (____) and Hsp60 (____)

A

Hsp70 (early) and Hsp60 (later)

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12
Q

Hsp70

A

acts early,
it binds the protein before it leaves the ribosome

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13
Q

Hsp60

A

acts later,
only associates with fully synthesized proteins

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14
Q

ROS

A

H2O2, OH-, O2

Hydroxyl radicals are the most damaging of all
ROS species in the cell.

Ultimately, keeping H2O2 levels low in the cell keeps us in good shape

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15
Q

Antioxidants

A

peroxidases, superoxide dismutase

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16
Q

Glutathione

A

most important antioxidant

17
Q

glutathione reductase

A

consumes vast amount of NADPH in order to re-reduce oxidized GSH back to reduced GSH.

this cycle continuously operates in order to keep hydrogen peroxide levels in check

NADPH ultimately reduces oxidized methionine and cystein in proteins keeping them reduced

18
Q

Proteasome

A

main machine for degradation

deliberately destroys aberrant proteins

19
Q

protein degradation

A

a regulated process brought about by a combination of cellular enzymes and proteins

20
Q

Two main systems for protein degradation in cells

A
  1. Ubiquitin-mediated degradation
  2. lysosomal protein degradation mediated by the autophagy pathway
21
Q

26S proteosome

A

is comprised of a 20S core catalytic particle and two 19S caps

core has multiple proteolytic activities and enables recycling of amino acids back into protein synthesis

dispersed throughout cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus

22
Q

polyubiquitinated proteins (proteosome)

A

are recognized by the 19S cap where numerous ATPase unfold proteins

23
Q

De-ubiquinated, unfolded proteins (proteosome)

A

transverse down the central cylinder and are degraded to amino acids and short peptide

24
Q

Ubiquitin

A

is a ~9 kDa polypeptide that can be ligated into target proteins either as a monomer or in a polymerized manner (poly-ubiquitination)

25
Q

Polyubiquitination of target proteins

A

occurs via sequential addition of ubiquitin monomers to the seeding ubiquitin via isopeptide bond formation between the epsilon-amino group of Lys48 with the c-terminus of ubiquitin

26
Q

How is regulated protein degradation induced?

A
  1. Activation of a ubiquitin ligase
  2. Activation of a degradation signal
27
Q

Protein folding and degradation in the ER

A

a “lectin chaperone”

28
Q

ER: N-linked Oligosaccharides

A

used as tags to mark the state of protein folding

29
Q

Three sensors for misfolded proteins

A

IRE1, PERK, ATF6

—-> activation of genes to increase protein folding capacity of ER

30
Q

The unfolded protein response

A

activates transcription of chaperone genes to help the
cell cope with misfolded proteins