Lecture 17 (exam 3) Flashcards
Protein folding in the cytoplasm and in the ER
Some proteins are translated straight into the cytoplasm
some proteins are translocated into the ER during translocation
Protein folding in the cytoplasm
Some proteins begin to fold while being synthesized
Problems with simplistic view of folding
- folding intermediated
- folding that requires distinct amino acids from different regions of the polypeptide
- folding that requires post-translational mdoification
Molten Globule Structure
most newly synthesized proteins can form compact domain structures with most of the final secondary features (alpha-helices, beta-sheets)
quickly achieved, highly dynamic and flexible state
Chaperone-mediated folding
most proteins probably don’t fold before synthesis is completed
Each domain of a newly synthesized protein quickly attains a molten globule state
—>
subsequent folding is slow; it involves multiple steps that require a chaperone
chaperones and protein folding
protein folding occurs via multiple binding and release steps by the chaperones
many proteins need chaperones to fold into their final conformation
common caperones
Hsp60, Hsp70, and lectin chaperones in the ER
Hsp60 and Hsp70
chaperones
heat shock proteins Hsp60 and Hsp70 help protein to fold into their right conformation
structurally they are different
Hsp60 and Hsp70 have high affinity
to hydrophobic patches on polypeptide chains
Hsp60 and Hsp70 use _____ to regulate protein folding
ATP
Hsp70 (____) and Hsp60 (____)
Hsp70 (early) and Hsp60 (later)
Hsp70
acts early,
it binds the protein before it leaves the ribosome
Hsp60
acts later,
only associates with fully synthesized proteins
ROS
H2O2, OH-, O2
Hydroxyl radicals are the most damaging of all
ROS species in the cell.
Ultimately, keeping H2O2 levels low in the cell keeps us in good shape
Antioxidants
peroxidases, superoxide dismutase