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Ortho > Lecture 17 - Developmental Orthopedic Diseases in Horses > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Developmental Orthopedic Diseases in Horses Flashcards

1
Q

disturbances in endochondral ossification like retention of cartilage and necrosis leads to _________?

A

subchondral bone cysts

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2
Q

what do longstanding lesions progress toward and what are its effects?

A

longstanding lesions progress to OA, causing lameness and permanent joint damage.

once this happens, you can’t change anything. this is why its best to treat OA earlier rather than later.

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3
Q

what are the most common sites of OC in the horse?

A
  1. tarsus (hock) - distal intermediate ridge of tibia
  2. stifle - femoropatellar joint - LTRF
  3. stifle - medialfemorotibial joint - MFC
  4. fetlock - metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint
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4
Q

what are the most common breeds to get OC?

A
  1. thoroughbreds
  2. quarter horses
  3. standardbreds
  4. warmbloods
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5
Q

what is the tx of choice for OC in horses?

A

arthroscopy - both diagnostic and therapeutic!

removing OC fragments is impt

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6
Q

what is the main difference between subchondral bone cysts and OCD?

A

horses with subchodnral bone cysts often occur LAME, unlike OCD horses. This is bc subchondral bone cysts almost always exist on the weightbearing surface of the bone or joint.

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7
Q

what is the most common site for a subchondral bone cyst?

A

medial femoral condyle

also navicular bone and phalanges

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8
Q

define varus and valgus angular limb deformities

A 
valgus = external rotation
varus = internal rotation
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9
Q

describe perinatal category of angular limb deformity

A

late gestation or early in life:
incomplete ossification of the cuboidal bones = in carpus and tarsus
- usually develop valgus deformity due to limited weight bearing capacity

periarticular laxity = weak muscles, tendons and ligaments

  • may oscillate between varus and valgus
  • manual straightening is possible
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10
Q

what are the two categories of angular limb deformities

A

perinatal factors and developmental factors

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11
Q

what is the main difference btwn perinatal factors and developmental factors

A

perinatal factors occur in late gestation or early in life: manual straightening possible

developmental factors occur during growth (true DOD): manual straightening NOT possible

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12
Q

what are the two possible causes of developmental factors leading to angular limb deformities in the horse?

A
  1. unbalanced nutrition - leads to abnormal growth at the level of hte physis. (joints normal)
  2. excessive exercise or trauma - microfractures at the physis proliferative zone, physeal crush injuries (SH type 5)
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13
Q

what is the treatment for angular limb deformities (there are 4)

A
  1. stall rest
  2. hoof manipulation: changing the ground reaction on the limb
  3. surgical:periosteal transection and elevation
  4. surgical: growth retardation
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14
Q

what hoof manipulation techniques are available for valgus angulation?

A

trim the OUTSIDE of the hooves

or apply extensions to the inside of the hoof

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15
Q

what hoof manipulation options are available for a horse with varus manipulation?

A

trim the inside of the hoof

or

apply hoof extensions to the outside of the hoof

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16
Q

what requirement must a horse with an angular limb deformity have in order to be be considered for a periosteal transection and elevation?

A

their physis must still be active!

17
Q

what is one advantage of doing a periosteal transection and elevation to correct an angular limb deformity?

A

you cannot over correct!

18
Q

when do you perform a periosteal transection and elevation in order to correct an angular limb deformity? why is this procedure done?

A

perform during rapid growth on concave (short) side - lateral if a valgus deformity

it accelerates growth of the short side

19
Q

what is juvenile arthritis

A

sequelae to incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones

20
Q

where is juvenile arthritis most common?

A

the tarsus aka hock

21
Q

what is a flexural deformity

A

deviation of the limb in the saggital plane

22
Q

what types of flexural deformities are there?

A

hyperflexion and hyperextension (can be congenital or acquired)

23
Q

congenital contracture deformities - what sites are most common, how is treated?

is manual straightening possible?

A

carpus and fetlock contracture most common

best tx: oxytetratcycline if in 1st week of age

manua straightening is NOT possible

24
Q

congenital hyperextension deformity - common in what type of foals? what is it secondary to? what tx is available?

A

dysmature foals
secondary to flexor muscle flaccidity
tx: dynasplints!

25
Q

what is acquired contracture flexural deformity and what two types are there?

A

its when lone bone growth occurs faster than flexor tendon growth

two types:
DIPJ contracture = club foot (distal interphalangeal joint)
MCP / MTPJ contracture = knuckling fetlock (metacarpal phalangeal joint)

26
Q

where is DIPJ contracture most common and how is it classified?

A

most common in the forelimb

classified by severity:
stage 1 - club foot LESS than 90 degrees - cut the inferior check and/or DDF
stage 2 - club foot GREATER > 90 degrees - cut inferior check ligament or DDF

27
Q

what is MCP / MTPJ contracture, what is it is prognosis?

A

its upright angle or knuckling of fetlock

it has a worse px than DIPJ contracture (club foot)

tx is the same as club foot: cutting the check ligament or DDF, reduction in calories, NSAIDs, controlled exercise, toe extension, dynasplint

28
Q

what disorders are considered true DOD?

A
  1. developmental factors of angular limb deformities
  2. acquired contracture - like DIPJ contracture and MTPJ contracture
  3. physitis
29
Q

what is physitis and where does it commonly occur?

A

enlargement of one or more physes due to disruption of normal endochondral ossification

occurs most commonly: radius, tibia, cannon

30
Q

disturbances in endochondral ossification like splitting of cartilage results in _______?

A

OCD lesions

Ortho (6 decks)

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