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Neuroscience Test 3 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Inner ear consists of…..

A

cochlea and labyrinth

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2
Q

Inner ear:
two holes

A

Oval window
Round window

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3
Q

Inner ear:
two membranes

A

Reissner’s membrane
Basilar membrane

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4
Q

Inner ear:
Three fluid-filled chambers

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

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5
Q

Organ of corti contains….

A

Auditory receptor cells/hairs, rods of Corti, and various supported cells

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6
Q

fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani, similar ionic content to CSF

A

Perilymph

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7
Q

fluid in scala media, similar as intracellular fluid, high K, low Na

A

Endolymph

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8
Q

Basilar membrane:
Low-frequency sounds generate waves that travel….

A

All the way up to the floppy apex

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9
Q

Basilar membrane:
High-frequency sounds make the stiffer base of the membrane….

A

vibrate a good deal, and the wave will not propagate very far

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10
Q

The distance the wave travels up the basilar membrane depends on….

A

The frequency of the sound

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11
Q

Ability to discriminate the detailed features of a stimulus varies tremendously across the body

A

Two-point discrimination

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12
Q

Treat certain forms of deafness by using electronic devices to bypass the middle ear and the hair cells, and activate the auditory nerve axons directly

A

Cochlear implants

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13
Q

Enables body to feel, ache, sense temperature and pressure

A

Somatic sensation

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14
Q

Somatic sensor responds to which stimuli?

A

at least four senses rather than one: pain, position, temperature, touch

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15
Q

The receptors in the somatic sensory system are….

A

broadly distributed

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16
Q

Types and layer of skin (2x2)

A

Types: Hairy and glabrous (hairless eg. palms)
Layers: Epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner)

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17
Q

Meissner’s corpuscules; & what vibrations are they most sensitive to?

A

Small pressure fields on hands
around 50 Hz

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18
Q

Pacinian corpuscles; & what vibrations are they most sensitive to?

A

Large pressure fields on hands
around 200-300 Hz

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19
Q

Mechanoreceptors vary in their……

A

preferred stimulus frequencies, pressures, and receptive field sizes

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20
Q

Mechanoreceptors vary in the persistence of their responses to….

A

long-lasting stimuli

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21
Q

Mechanoreceptors have _______ axon terminals

A

unmyelinated

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22
Q

Mechanosensitive ion channels convert….

A

mechanical force into change of ionic current

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23
Q

Mechanical stimuli may trigger release of….

A

second messengers

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24
Q

The response of the basilar membrane establishes a ____ _____ in which different locations of membrane are maximally deformed at different ____ _____

A

place code; sound frequencies

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25
Tonotopy
Systematic organization of sound frequency within an auditory structure
26
Tonotopic maps exist on the ____ membrane and within each of the ____ ___ _____, _____, _______ ____
basilar; auditory relay nuclei, the MGN, and auditory cortex
27
Hair cells:
specialized epithelial cells. Has hairy-looking stereocilia extending from top
28
Hair cells lie between...
the basilar membrane and the reticular lamina
29
The basilar is at the base of the ___ ___ ___, the _____ forms a roof, and the ______ is in the middle
organ of Corti; tectorial; reticular
30
Hair cells form synapses on _____ ______ which enters the auditory nerve, a branch of the ______-______ nerve
spiral ganglion; auditory–vestibular
31
At rest, the hair cells are held between the...... and the stereocilia are attached to the..... When sound causes the basilar membrane to deflect upward, the _____ ______ moves up and inward, causing the _______ to bend outward.
reticular lamina and the basilar membrane; tectorial membrane reticular lamina; stereocilia
32
The hair cell depolarizes or hyperpolarizes, depending on......
the direction in which the stereocilia bend
33
A sound wave causes the stereocilia to bend back and forth, the hair cell generates a receptor potential that....
alternately hyperpolarizes and depolarizes
34
Majority spiral ganglion neurons communicate with....
the relatively small number of inner hair cells
35
One spiral ganglion fiber synapses with.....; each inner hair cell feeds about....
one inner hair cell, or numerous outer hair cells; 10 spiral ganglion neurites
36
Vast majority of the information leaving the cochlea comes from....
inner hair cells
37
inactivates the outer hair cell motor proteins and decreases sound transduction
Furosemide and certain antibiotics (e.g. kanamycin)
38
When motor proteins change the length of the hair cell, the basilar membrane is....
pulled toward or pushed away
39
Prestin:
protein required for outer hair cell movements
40
Motor proteins:
only occur in outer hair cells. change length of outer hair cells in response to sound.
41
cochlear amplifier
Amplification by outer hair cells
42
Spiral ganglion>>auditory–vestibular nerve>>brain stem. Medulla: dorsal cochlear nucleus and ventral cochlear nucleus ipsilateral to the cochlea. Ventral cochlear nucleus >> superior olive on both sides of the brain stem. Olivary neurons >>lateral lemniscus >> inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Dorsal cochlear nucleus bypasses superior olive. All ascending auditory pathways converge onto the inferior colliculus>>MGN>>auditory cortex.
Copy down
43
Each cochlear nucleus receives input from..... ; all other auditory nuclei in the brain stem receive input from...
just the one ear on the ipsilateral side; both ears
44
More ______ and ___ _____ _____ contribute to the auditory pathways
Projections and brain stem nuclei
45
There is _______ feedback in the auditory pathways. For instance, _____ ____ ____ send axons that contact ____ _____ _____, and the _____ _____ sends axons to the MGN and inferior colliculus
extensive; brain stem neurons; outer hair cells; auditory cortex
46
Depolarization of a hair cell (copy down)
Ion channels on stereocilia tips are opened when the tip links joining the stereocilia are stretched. The entry of K+ from endolymph depolarizes the hair cell, which opens voltage-gated calcium channels. Incoming Ca2+ leads to the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles, which then diffuses to the postsynaptic neurite from the spiral ganglion
47
Characteristic frequency:
frequency at which a neuron is most responsive—seen in many neurons from cochlea to cortex
48
Ganglion cells fire action potentials only in response to.....
sound within a limited frequency range
49
Hair cells are excited by _______ of the basilar membrane, and each portion of the membrane is maximally sensitive to.....
deformations; a particular range of frequencies
50
Loudness perceived is correlated with....
number of active neurons and their firing rates.
51
Intense stimuli produce movements of the basilar membrane over a _____ _____, leads to.....
greater distance; activation of more hair cells.
52
Encoding information about stimulus intensity (loudness). (2)
1) Firing rates of neurons 2) Number of active neurons
53
Tonotopic maps maintain from.....
basilar membrane to cochlear nucleus
54
In cochlear nucleus, bands of cells with similar characteristic frequencies increase from....
anterior to posterior.
55
From the base to the apex of the cochlea, a ______ ______ occurs in the frequency that produces a maximal deformation of the basilar membrane
progressive decrease
56
Primary auditory cortex: Axons leaving _____ project mainly to primary auditory cortex (____, Brodmann's area ____)
MGN; A1, Brodmann's area 41
57
In the tonotopic representation in A1, low frequencies are represented....., whereas high frequencies are represented....
rostrally and laterally; caudally and medially
58
4 types of mechanoreceptors
Pacinian corpuscles: highest densities in the fingers, lies deep, mm size Ruffini's endings Meissner's corpuscles: one-tenth the size of P. ridges of glabrous skin Merkel's disks: consist of a nerve terminal and a flattened, non-neural epithelial cell
59
Pacinian corpuscles: highest densities in the.....
fingers, lies deep, mm size
60
Meissner's corpuscles: one-tenth the size of....
P. ridges of glabrous skin
61
Ruffini's corpuscles primarily sense....
skin stretching, movement, and finger position
62
Merkel's disks:
consist of a nerve terminal and a flattened, non-neural epithelial cell

Neuroscience Test 3 (7 decks)

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