Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience Test 3 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Inner ear consists of…..

A

cochlea and labyrinth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inner ear:
two holes

A

Oval window
Round window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inner ear:
two membranes

A

Reissner’s membrane
Basilar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inner ear:
Three fluid-filled chambers

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organ of corti contains….

A

Auditory receptor cells/hairs, rods of Corti, and various supported cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani, similar ionic content to CSF

A

Perilymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fluid in scala media, similar as intracellular fluid, high K, low Na

A

Endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Basilar membrane:
Low-frequency sounds generate waves that travel….

A

All the way up to the floppy apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basilar membrane:
High-frequency sounds make the stiffer base of the membrane….

A

vibrate a good deal, and the wave will not propagate very far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The distance the wave travels up the basilar membrane depends on….

A

The frequency of the sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ability to discriminate the detailed features of a stimulus varies tremendously across the body

A

Two-point discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treat certain forms of deafness by using electronic devices to bypass the middle ear and the hair cells, and activate the auditory nerve axons directly

A

Cochlear implants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Enables body to feel, ache, sense temperature and pressure

A

Somatic sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Somatic sensor responds to which stimuli?

A

at least four senses rather than one: pain, position, temperature, touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The receptors in the somatic sensory system are….

A

broadly distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types and layer of skin (2x2)

A

Types: Hairy and glabrous (hairless eg. palms)
Layers: Epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Meissner’s corpuscules; & what vibrations are they most sensitive to?

A

Small pressure fields on hands
around 50 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pacinian corpuscles; & what vibrations are they most sensitive to?

A

Large pressure fields on hands
around 200-300 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mechanoreceptors vary in their……

A

preferred stimulus frequencies, pressures, and receptive field sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mechanoreceptors vary in the persistence of their responses to….

A

long-lasting stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mechanoreceptors have _______ axon terminals

A

unmyelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mechanosensitive ion channels convert….

A

mechanical force into change of ionic current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mechanical stimuli may trigger release of….

A

second messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The response of the basilar membrane establishes a ____ _____ in which different locations of membrane are maximally deformed at different ____ _____

A

place code; sound frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tonotopy

A

Systematic organization of sound frequency within an auditory structure

26
Q

Tonotopic maps exist on the ____ membrane and within each of the ____ ___ _____, _____, _______ ____

A

basilar; auditory relay nuclei, the MGN, and auditory cortex

27
Q

Hair cells:

A

specialized epithelial cells. Has hairy-looking stereocilia extending from top

28
Q

Hair cells lie between…

A

the basilar membrane and the reticular lamina

29
Q

The basilar is at the base of the ___ ___ ___, the _____ forms a roof, and the ______ is in the middle

A

organ of Corti; tectorial; reticular

30
Q

Hair cells form synapses on _____ ______ which enters the auditory nerve, a branch of the ______-______ nerve

A

spiral ganglion; auditory–vestibular

31
Q

At rest, the hair cells are held between the…… and the
stereocilia are attached to the…..

When sound causes the basilar membrane to deflect upward, the _____ ______ moves up and inward, causing the _______ to bend outward.

A

reticular lamina and the basilar membrane; tectorial membrane

reticular lamina; stereocilia

32
Q

The hair cell depolarizes or hyperpolarizes, depending on……

A

the direction in which the stereocilia bend

33
Q

A sound wave causes the stereocilia to bend back and forth, the hair cell generates a receptor potential that….

A

alternately hyperpolarizes and depolarizes

34
Q

Majority spiral ganglion neurons communicate with….

A

the relatively small number of inner hair cells

35
Q

One spiral ganglion fiber synapses with…..; each inner hair cell feeds about….

A

one inner hair cell, or numerous outer hair cells; 10 spiral ganglion neurites

36
Q

Vast majority of the information leaving the cochlea comes from….

A

inner hair cells

37
Q

inactivates the outer hair cell motor proteins and decreases sound transduction

A

Furosemide and certain antibiotics (e.g. kanamycin)

38
Q

When motor proteins change the length of the hair cell, the basilar membrane is….

A

pulled toward or pushed away

39
Q

Prestin:

A

protein required for outer hair cell movements

40
Q

Motor proteins:

A

only occur in outer hair cells. change length of outer hair cells in response to sound.

41
Q

cochlear amplifier

A

Amplification by outer hair cells

42
Q

Spiral ganglion»auditory–vestibular nerve»brain stem.
Medulla: dorsal cochlear nucleus and ventral cochlear nucleus ipsilateral to the cochlea.
Ventral cochlear nucleus&raquo_space; superior olive on both sides of the brain stem.
Olivary neurons&raquo_space;lateral lemniscus&raquo_space; inferior colliculus of the midbrain.
Dorsal cochlear nucleus bypasses superior olive.
All ascending auditory pathways converge onto the inferior colliculus»MGN»auditory cortex.

A

Copy down

43
Q

Each cochlear nucleus receives input from….. ; all other auditory nuclei in the brain stem receive input from…

A

just the one ear on the ipsilateral side; both ears

44
Q

More ______ and ___ _____ _____ contribute to the auditory pathways

A

Projections and brain stem nuclei

45
Q

There is _______ feedback in the auditory pathways. For instance, _____ ____ ____ send axons that contact ____ _____ _____, and the _____ _____ sends axons to the MGN and inferior colliculus

A

extensive; brain stem neurons; outer hair cells; auditory cortex

46
Q

Depolarization of a hair cell (copy down)

A

Ion channels on stereocilia tips are opened when the tip links joining the stereocilia are stretched.
The entry of K+ from endolymph depolarizes the hair cell, which opens voltage-gated calcium channels.
Incoming Ca2+ leads to the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles, which then diffuses to the postsynaptic neurite from the spiral ganglion

47
Q

Characteristic frequency:

A

frequency at which a neuron is most responsive—seen in many neurons from cochlea to cortex

48
Q

Ganglion cells fire action potentials only in response to…..

A

sound within a limited frequency range

49
Q

Hair cells are excited by _______ of the basilar membrane, and each portion of the membrane is maximally sensitive to…..

A

deformations; a particular range of frequencies

50
Q

Loudness perceived is correlated with….

A

number of active neurons and their firing rates.

51
Q

Intense stimuli produce movements of the basilar membrane over a _____ _____, leads to…..

A

greater distance;
activation of more hair cells.

52
Q

Encoding information about stimulus intensity (loudness). (2)

A

1) Firing rates of neurons
2) Number of active neurons

53
Q

Tonotopic maps maintain from…..

A

basilar membrane to cochlear nucleus

54
Q

In cochlear nucleus, bands of cells with similar characteristic frequencies increase from….

A

anterior to posterior.

55
Q

From the base to the apex of the cochlea, a ______ ______ occurs in the frequency that produces a maximal deformation of the basilar membrane

A

progressive decrease

56
Q

Primary auditory cortex:
Axons leaving _____ project mainly to primary auditory cortex (____, Brodmann’s area ____)

A

MGN;
A1, Brodmann’s area 41

57
Q

In the tonotopic representation in A1, low frequencies are represented….., whereas high frequencies are represented….

A

rostrally and laterally;
caudally and medially

58
Q

4 types of mechanoreceptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles: highest densities in the fingers, lies deep, mm size
Ruffini’s endings
Meissner’s corpuscles: one-tenth the size of P. ridges of glabrous skin
Merkel’s disks: consist of a nerve terminal and a flattened, non-neural epithelial cell

59
Q

Pacinian corpuscles: highest densities in the…..

A

fingers, lies deep, mm size

60
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles: one-tenth the size of….

A

P. ridges of glabrous skin

61
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles primarily sense….

A

skin stretching, movement, and finger position

62
Q

Merkel’s disks:

A

consist of a nerve terminal and a flattened, non-neural epithelial cell

Neuroscience Test 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions