Lecture 17

Question 1

What does electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?

Answer 1

Brain electrical activity

Question 2

What is an EGG used for?

Answer 2

• monitor behavioural state
• diagnose epilepsy
• localise brain areas active in different tasks

Question 3

What does an alpha rhythm reflect?

Answer 3

Being relaxed with eyes closed

Question 4

What does a beta rhythm mean?

Answer 4

The individual is alert

Question 5

What are the sleep stages?

Answer 5

awake
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
stage 4
REM

Question 6

How long does a sleep cycle last?

Answer 6

an hour to two

Question 7

What happens during REM sleep?

Answer 7

muscles become very relaxed, which allows us to dream. The brain can be active without any output occurring

Question 8

What generates our basic rhythm?

Answer 8

The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

Question 9

What is the role of the reticular activating system?

Answer 9

To monitor intrinsic cycles (through neurons in the hypothalamus) by retinal input. If the neurons in the reticular formation are active, we are aware. if the neurons are exhibiting reduced activity, then we sleep.

Question 10

What are orexins?

Answer 10

proteins which are released by hypothalamic neurons. Those proteins keep us awake.

Question 11

What happens in narcolepsy?

Answer 11

There are defective orexin neurons, so people fall asleep unexpectedly

Question 12

What are the functions of sleep?

Answer 12

• to keep homeostasis in the brain

- memory consolidation

Question 13

What happens if the body is sleep deprived?

Answer 13

Decreased immunity and psychosis

Question 14

what are the functions of dreaming?

Answer 14

• memory consolidation during REM sleep

- protects us from waking

Question 15

What does it mean to be conscious?

Answer 15

To be able to respond immediately to the environment

Question 16

What are situations where we are unconscious?

Answer 16

• sleep
• coma
• vegetative state

Question 17

What is Schizophrenia?

Answer 17

It is a disorder of thinking (psychosis)

Question 18

What are Schizophrenia’s positive symptoms?

Answer 18

• hallucinations
• delusions
• paranoia

Question 19

What are Schizophrenia’s negative symptoms?

Answer 19

• social withdrawal
• apathy
• catatonia

Question 20

What is Schizophrenia related to?

Answer 20

The brain dopamine system.

Question 21

What increases dopamine activity?

Answer 21

amphetamines

Question 22

What happens during auditory hallucinations in Schizophrenia?

Answer 22

there is activation of areas of the brain that normally process auditory input. the input in the brain is reflected as being external

Question 23

What are symptoms of depression?

Answer 23

• Persistent sadness,
• apathy,
• feelings of hopelessness,
• loss or gain of appetite,
• sleep disturbance

Question 24

What is depression thought to be related to?

Answer 24

The brain serotonin system

Question 25

What is bipolar-disorder?

Answer 25

manic-depression. depression alternates with mania. disturbances in the biological systems can last hours to months.

Question 26

What is the best treatment to bipolar disorder?

Answer 26

Lithium or anticonvulsants

Question 27

What is the result of a right parietal lobe lesion?

Answer 27

Patients are only able to process one side of the world they view.