Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four forms of nervous system input (afferent division)?

A
  1. endocrine
  2. somatic sensory
  3. visceral sensory
  4. special sensory
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2
Q

What are the three forms of nervous system output (efferent division)?

A
  1. somatic motor
  2. autonomic motor (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric)
  3. endocrine
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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE - most of somatic motor control is conscious

A

FALSE - most of it unconscious and is controlled automatically

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4
Q

What levels of the spinal cord are sympathetic system output?

A

Thoracic to lumbar

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5
Q

What levels of the spinal cord are parasympathetic output?

A

Cervical and sacral regions. Mostly, the 10th cranial nerve (vagus)

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6
Q

What does the vagus nerve control?

A

multiple elements within the viscera

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE - many organs have dual intervention of both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Where does viscera efferent enter?

A

The dorsal root

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9
Q

What systems act together in the gut?

A

for sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric NS

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10
Q

What is role of the parasympathetic system?

A

rest, digest and propagate

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11
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic system?

A

fight or flight

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE - only one system is active as a time

A

FALSE - both systems are always active

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13
Q

What are the target organs of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

It is widely distributed to salivary glands, eyes, skin, viscera and muscles

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14
Q

What is the structure of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

First synapse in the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, post-ganglionic fibres innervate organs.

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15
Q

What are the neurotransmitters used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Ach onto post synaptic neuron, norepinephrine onto target tissue

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16
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do?

A

release E and EN into circulation and NOT onto target tissue

17
Q

What target tissue is the exception to being transmitted NE?

A

Sweat glands, they are transmitted Ach

18
Q

What are the target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

It is distributed less widely, and mainly to the viscera, salivary glands, and eyes.

19
Q

What is the structure of the parasympathetic NS?

A

The first synapse is in or near the target organ. it has long pre-ganglionic fibres, and short post ganglionic fibres.

20
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the parasympathetic NS?

21
Q

What type of receptors does Ach bind to?

A

in the somatic NS, sympathetic NS and post ganglionic fiber in the parasympathetic NS - a nicotinic AchR.
in parasympathetic target organs, it is muscarinic AchR

22
Q

What type of receptors do NE and E bind to?

A

several types of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

23
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

It is the multi-layered ‘brain’ in the gut.

24
Q

What are the characteristics of the ENS?

A
  • contains about as many neurons as the spinal cord throughout the GI tract
  • responds to local chemical and mechanical stimulation
  • regulates motility, secretion, and endocrine singling through local reflexes
25
TRUE or FALSE - is ENS activity completely independent ?
False - it is autonomous, but it heavily influenced by para- and sympathetic NS inputs
26
What neurotransmitter inhibits smooth muscle contraction in the ENS
VIP
27
Are there inhibitory motor neurons in all muscles?
No, this is unique to the gut.
28
What does a local excitatory reflex induce in the gut?
Contraction (oral)
29
What does a local inhibitory reflex induce in the gut?
relaxation (anal)