Lecture 16 - Trauma and Lung Cancer Flashcards
1
Q
What is cardiac tamponade?
A
- Blood in pericardium
- Compression of heart
2
Q
How does cardiac tamponade present?
A
- Tachycardia
- Cold and clammy extremities (from hypoperfusion)
- Increased JVP
- Chest pain / pressure
3
Q
X-Ray of Cardiac Tamponade
A
4
Q
What is pneumothorax?
A
- Air in pleural space
- Simple or tension
- Tension similar presentation to cardiac tamponade
- May need immediate drainage
5
Q
What is simple pneumothorax?
A
- Non-expanding collection of air around the lung
6
Q
How does Simple PTX present?
A
7
Q
CXR of Simple PTX
A
8
Q
What is tension pneumothorax?
A
- Progressive build-up of air within the pleural space.
- Usually due to a lung laceration which allows air to escape into the pleural space but not to return.
- One-way valve effect
9
Q
How does Tension PTX present?
A
- Hypotension
- Hypoxia
- Chest pain
- Dyspnea
- Trachea deviates to one side away from PTX
10
Q
CXR of Tension Pneumothorax
A
11
Q
What is haemothorax?
A
- Blood in pleural space
- Small amounts of no consequence
- Hypovolaemia = major loss of blood volume
12
Q
How does haemothorax present?
A
- Dyspnea
- Tachypnea
- Chest pain
- Cyanosis
- Tracheal deviation
- Hypotension
13
Q
Haemothorax CXR
A
14
Q
Explain a fractured rib
A
- Break in rib bone
- Often caused by trauma
- Pain when breathing
15
Q
What is a flail segment?
A
- Segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall.
- Flail segment pulled in with decreased pressure while rest of cage expands.
- Can cause pulmonary contusion on lung tissue
16
Q
PTX?
A
- Pneumothorax
17
Q
What is Pulmonary Contusion?
A
- Blunt injury to lungs causing oedema
- As a result of damage to capillaries, blood and other fluids accumulate in the lung tissue.
18
Q
How does pulmonary contusion present?
A
- Hypoxia
- Low O2 sats
- Cyanosis
- Dyspnea
- Tachypnea
- Hypotension
- Sputum production
19
Q
What is surgical emphysema?
A
- Air in tissues
- Not inherently harmful
- ALmost always due to lung injury
- Draining the PTX
20
Q
What is pulmonary laceration?
A
- Lung tissue torn / cut
- Usually penetrative trauma but can be blunt
- Can result in PTX/HTX
21
Q
Common way to treat chest trauma?
A
- Chest drain
22
Q
Best way of diagnosing chest trauma?
A
- CXR
- Echocardiogram
23
Q
How many die from lung cancer in UK per annum?
A
- Around 30,000
24
Q
Presentation of Lung Cancer? (x7)
A
- Cough
- Breathlessnes
- Fatigue
- Weight Loss
- Chest pain
- Headache, loss of vision, seizures (indicates metastasis to brain)
- Haemoptysis
25
Q
Staging of Lung Cancer?
A
- TMN Staging
- Primary Tumour (T)
- Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
- Distant metastases (M)
