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MIP 443 > Lecture 16 -- Principles of Regulation > Flashcards

Lecture 16 -- Principles of Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

_____ encompasses a range of mechanisms to increase or decrease the production of a specific gene products (protein/RNA/metabolites)

A

regulation

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2
Q

What are the three basic levels of regulation?

A

1) Gene expression (transcription)
2) Protein production (translation)
3) Protein function

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3
Q

Name at least three causes of adaptation

A
  • changes in temp, osmotic stress, pH, oxygen
  • fluctuations in nutrient supply/starvation
  • loss or build up of metabolic intermediates
  • in vivo/in vitro environment
  • change in population size
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4
Q

Name at least three outcomes of adaptation

A
  • altered metabolic activity
  • macromolecule synthesis
  • cell morphology changes
  • changes in transcription
  • altered fitness
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5
Q

What are the main three adaptation through signal transduction systems

A
  • two component
  • c-di-GMP-dependent regulation
  • quorum-sensing
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6
Q

Name the concept: certain proteins, secondary metabolites, or processes are only required at particular stages or under certain conditions

A

conservation of energy

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7
Q

Name the concept: changes in the environment require activation/suppression of specific pathways or mechanisms

A

survival

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8
Q

the process by which information encoded in a gene is synthesized into a functional gene product

A

gene expression

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9
Q

genes that encode cellular components that perform housekeeping functions

A

constitutive

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10
Q

genes that are expressed only when their products are required for growth (inducible and repressible)

A

non-constitutive

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11
Q

characteristics of inducible genes (for lactose utilization)

A
  • induced when glucose is absent and lactose is present
  • occurs at the level of transcription (alters the rate of enzyme synthesis)
  • often enzymes involved in catabolic pathways
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12
Q

characteristics of repression genes for tryptophan biosynthesis

A
  • turned on in the absence of tryptophan/turned off when available
  • occurs at the transcriptional level
  • often enzymes involved in anabolic pathways
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13
Q

name the characteristics of allosteric regulation

A
  • rapid response
  • does not require inhibition or promotion of gene expression
  • primary metabolic pathways
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14
Q

name the characteristics of protein modification

A
  • rapid

- leads to alteration of activity or interaction

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15
Q

name the characteristics of protein modification + transcriptional regulation

A
  • slower
  • used in response to stressed or altered environmental conditions
  • can be global
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16
Q

name the characteristics of signaling among bacteria

A
  • used to alter the activities of a bacterial community
17
Q

the alteration of DNA structure via modification; results in stable phenotypes that can be transferred from parent to offspring

A

epigenetic regulation

18
Q

name the step these mechanisms control: promoter structure/sigma factor, activator, repressor, termination

A

transcription

19
Q

name the step these mechanisms control: attenuation, autogenous translational repression, mRNA stability

A

translation

20
Q

name the step these mechanisms control: feedback inhibition/activation, chemical/physical modification, degredation

A

enzyme activity

21
Q

when a single regulator (transcription factor) regulates multiple genes at the same time

A

coordinate/simultaneous regulation

22
Q

when a single regulator or cascade of regulators (transcription factor) regulates multiple genes in a defined temporal series of events

A

sequential regulation

23
Q
  • interact with RNA polymerase
  • positions RNA pol on the promoter region upstream of genes
  • contain alternative forms
A

Sigma factors

24
Q
  • bind to the promoter region of genes
  • can repress or induce genes based on where they bind the promoter region and how they interact with RNA pol
  • can be turned off or on by binding small molecule metabolites or by post translational modification
  • ex: lac operon
A

activators and repressors

25
Q
  • interaction of products with mRNA to impact the completion of transcription
  • ex: tryptophan regulation
A

termination/antitermination

26
Q
  • interacting with mRNA to affect stability
  • interaction to impact function of the ribosome
  • asRNA interaction with mRNA to regulate translation
A

post-transcriptional/translational regulation

27
Q
  • the different RNA structures undergoing cleavage events and modifications during maturation
  • the selective breakdown RNAs to regulate gene expression
A

RNA processing; RNA degradation

28
Q
  • a metabolite binds, stabilizes a secondary mRNA structure, leaves the SD and initiation codon in base-paired region
  • note high temperatures can overcome this
A

repression of translation

29
Q
  • a metabolite binds, secondary structure mRNA is stabilized, leaves SD and AUG in unpaired region allowing for ribosomal access
A

activation of translation

30
Q

list whether these are enzyme mediated or nonenzymatic: phosphorylation, methylation, adenylation

A

enzyme mediated

31
Q

list whether these are enzyme mediated or nonenzymatic: redox, nitrosylation, glycation

A

nonenzymatic

32
Q

What type of enzyme mediated adaptation do histidine kinases illustrate?

A

phosphorylation (the addition of a phosphoryl group)

33
Q
  • CheB removes these groups from glutamate residues
  • CheR adds these groups to the same glutamate residues
  • memory is encoded in the protein, enzyme-mediated
A

methylation (through methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins)

34
Q
  • when an AMP molecule is covalently attached to the side chain of a protein, altering its function
  • virulence factors secreted by bacteria carry this out on GTPases, causing actin cytoskeleton changes
A

Adenylation/AMPylation

35
Q
  • covalent bonding of sugar molecule to protein or lipid molecule without the controlling action of an enzyme
A

glycation

36
Q
  • changing protein structure through binding of second messenger or activator
  • protein-protein interaction changes
  • protein localization changes (cell division/septum formation)
A

physical modification

MIP 443 (14 decks)

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