Lecture 16 - Insulin and Diabetes Flashcards
When was diabetes mellitus first described?
c1500 BCE as too great emptying of urine
when was the term diabetes introduced?
250 BCE, meaning “siphone”
When was mellitus introduced?
1600s, meaning from honey
What did the introduction of diabetes mellitus allow?
the distinction from diabetes insipidus
What is the most common endocrine disorder?
Diabetes
what is diabetes?
an insufficiency in the production or action of the pancreatic hormone insulin on target cells
Who identified insulin
Banting and Best in the McLeod lab
who and when was the first person to receive insulin?
Leonard Thompson, 1922
What is diabetes characterised by?
abnormal fuel metabolism, which results most notably in hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia due to defects in insulin production/secretion, insulin action or both
What causes hyperglycaemia?
loss of insulin stimulated glucose uptake and loss of insulin repression of gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown
What causes dyslipidemia?
loss of insulin repression of lipolysis
What is type 1 diabetes?
loss of insulin production
What is type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance; insufficient secretion of insulin
What is T1D sometimes referred to as?
insulin dependent diabetes
What % have T1D?
5-10%
When does T1D typically develop?
in children and young adults
What is the peak age for diagnosis of T1D?
10-14 years
Insulin secretion in T1D?
pancreas produces little or no insulin
What causes T1D?
it is an autoimmune disorder
What do T1D patients need as treatment?
insulin injections
When does type 2 diabetes occur?
when the body is in an insulin resistant state and pancreatic beta cells cannot release sufficient insulin to compensate for the resistance
What % have type 2?
90-95% of diabetic people
When is type 2 typically diagnosed?
Later in life, but disease onset is getting earlier
What is type 2 largely a result of?
lifestyle - obesity, lack of exercise, diet
genetic factors are also important