Lecture 16 Concepts/Definitions

Question 1

Structural tendencies

Answer 1

Shift from manufacturing to employment

Question 2

Employment change reflects:

Answer 2

1) Structural tendencies
2) Path dependencies
3) Policy factors
4) Forces of globalization

Question 3

Emploment

Answer 3

Metric or economic change
Quality and quantity of jobs created and labor participation rates are leading indicators of national, regional, and metropolitan economies

Question 4

Service Sector

Answer 4

• Final demand: education, retail, personal, public-sector
• Intermediate demand: commercial banking, business services
• Cultural industries

Example) Toronto= manufacturing decreased while specialized services increased in 5 year period (2001-2006)

Question 5

Changing dynamics of employment location

Answer 5

a) Technological innovation and the new economy:
- Digital revolution, not ‘death of distance’
- But there are still advantages of working in major cities, there are still headquarters

b) Globalization and the new international division of labor:
- Independent production created emergent economies in Asia (evident in Canadian cities)
- Consolidation (auto industries), reorganization (of pulp and paper), takeover (steal mills by foreign and multinationals), and rise (film and video production)
- ———————————————-Outsourcing jobs to developing countries with cheaper labor= unwanted in West

c) International immigration and reshaping of urban labor:
- Benefit from immigrants that are of young, working age created new energy, expertise, and global connections (Asian students)

d) Market interdependencies and the location of employment:
- Suburbs= displacement of low-income populations, housing property, and consumption markets exert influence on employment locations
- Ex) Burning Alley MTL= destruction= wealthy people replacing artsy people in the Plateau so the residents don’t want the festival anymore

e) Policy factors and local employment:
- Zones-people can’t destroy homes
- Local municipal level public agencies can exert control over the location of enterprises and employment through zoning and land use policies
- Ex) to implement stores

Question 6

Now

Answer 6

• Urban core= offices (1970s+1980s)
• Manufacturing to suburbs (major highways with factories)
• Pushed to outskirts and less important

Question 7

Changing dynamics of employment location

Answer 7

1) Local regeneration programs to promote investment and start-ups in a specific region
2) Business improvement area (BIA) initiatives, designed to improve local environment (taxation, amenities, information networks, services)
3) ‘brownfield’ redevelopment or retrofitting (ex factories or offices)
4) ‘Compact and complete’ community programs designated for special zones of employment and residential concentration within urban-regional strategies
5) ‘New-urbanism’ projects on the metropolitan periphery

Question 8

Culture economy

Answer 8

Creative industry employment

Ex) film, music, graphic design, and new media

Question 9

New Urbanism

Answer 9

Definition: an urban design movement which defends environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods creating a wide range of housing and job types

Question 10

Convivial urbanism

Answer 10

The gathering of places-coffee shops, pubs, parks, grocery stores, restaurants, block parties, living rooms, backyards, street fairs, etc- to connect people
smart cities
high-tech sector in the suburbs (Bombardier)

Question 11

Richard Florida

Answer 11

Argues that the prosperity of cities is inextricably linked to the creative impulse and attracting the ‘creative class’
Ex) Montreal