Lecture 15 Concepts/Definitions/Reading

Question 1

2 main views in urbanization and agriculture

Answer 1

1) Surplus agricultural production
Farmers have surplus so cities can expand form

2) Cities predated agricultural advances
cities have ideas= incubators for innovation (Edward Soja and Jane Jacobs)

Question 2

Colonialism

Answer 2

The political control of a people and territory by a foreign state (spices, sugar, silk)

Question 3

Extractive economic system

Answer 3

Shaped urban designed to funnel all goods to a port hierarchies-ports= ^ disproportionate growth
Strict segregation, unfit for inclusive development

Question 4

Legacy of colonialism

Answer 4

Hierarchy of different countries (Ex Apple-resources-manufacturers-company)

Question 5

Order of people (urbanism)

Answer 5

Hunter gatherers>monarchs=empires>colonialism= get raw materials from colonized areas and resell goods back to the colonized countries>Industrialization

Question 6

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 6

Circa 8500 BCE

Shift away from human dependence on hunting and gathering and towards domesticated agriculture and animal husbandry

Question 7

Origin of cities

Answer 7

Gradual improvement in cultivation= surplus in agricultural production (hard grains= decreased starvation, mass storage, over long periods of time)
The population growth increased density of agricultural villages= increased productivity= Urban Revolution (Gordon Childe 1950)

6 thousand years ago the Sumer region of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) = fertile soils and access to waterways for irrigation and transportation= surplus agricultural production

Question 8

Difference between a city and a village

Answer 8

A measure of social and economic differentiation within the communities (Reader 2005: 16)

Question 9

The shift from subsistence agriculture to surplus agricultural production created/stimulated what

Answer 9

It stimulated social and technological advances
It created an increase in transportation and metallurgy
It created long-distance trade
It created a stimulus for the arts. Writing, mathematical sciences, bureaucracy, and public administration were started in cities
= RISE OF FIRST CIVILIZATIONS/EMPIRES

Question 10

Important people to know

Answer 10

Edward Soja (2000) and Jane Jacobs (1969):

• Challenge the narrative that cities grew out of agricultural advances/urbanism
• Cities made agricultural surplus possible
• Excavation sites at Jericho (present-day Palestine) and Çatal Hüyük (present-day Turkey) are large, dense, permanent settlements that date back 1000 years, the same time as the Neolithic Revolution. They lived sedentary lives although they were hunter-gatherers (social-spacial agglomeration). That characterizes urbanism.

Childe, Mumford, and Bairoch:
-They dismiss Jericho and Çatal Hüyük as pre-urban towns because of the lack of evidence of socio-economic differentiation. Also, the settlements were small in comparison to the Sumerian cities

Question 11

Synekism:

Answer 11

Person: Soja
What: the economic and ecological independencies and the creative as well as occasionallt destructive synekismss that arise from clustering in a home-habitat

Question 12

Power of Synekism

Answer 12

Density, propinquity, and proximity

Social-spacial force or stimulus unique to urban agglomeration

Question 13

City-states

Answer 13

Definition: sovereign urban agglomerations in control of their immediate hinterlands
Examples:
1) Ur was the first Sumerian city-state with 24,000 people circa 2800 BCE
2) In the Indus Valley (present-day Pakistan) in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the second millennial BCE with 40,000 people, there was a single ‘priest-king’ and a functioning sewer system. In addition, they traded with other Sumerian states
3) In China in the Wei River Valley during the Shang Dynasty in 1600 BCE they had a spiritual, economic, and political administration function. There were 1 million inhabitants

Question 14

Before the Industrial Revolution vs. During the Industrial Revolution

Answer 14

Before:

• High mortality rates
• Political administration
• Commerce
• Small-scale production of specialized goods

vs.

During the Industrial Revolution:

• Decreased mortality rates
• During Britain in the late 19th century
• Railway
• Steam-engine= water power
• Factories
• Shift from agriculture to industry
• Lots of slums, dirt, terrible living and working conditions= caused diseases like cholera

Question 15

Neo-colonialism

Answer 15

Relationship between industrialized and less industrialized nations
Through TNCs and the World Bank and IMF