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HUBS 192 Module 2 > Lecture 16 and 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 and 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s law states that

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume. Air will move to lower pressure space

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2
Q

Sternocoastalmuscles are…

A

Synovial except for the first = cartilagenous

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3
Q

Costochondrial joints are

A

Cartilagenous

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4
Q

Interchondral joints are

A

Synovial

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5
Q

Which of the thoracic joints are not synvoial joints?

A

costochondral and the 1st of the sternocoastal

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6
Q

The costotransverse joint is between the

A

Rib and transverse process of vertebrae

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7
Q

The costovertebral is bewtween the

A

Rib and body of the vertebrae

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8
Q

The primary inspiratory muscles are the…

A

Diaphragm and intercoastals

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9
Q

The diaphragm is made up of a sheet of

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Diaphragm separates the _____ from the _____

A

Thorax, abdomen

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11
Q

The diaphragm is
A. Dome-shaped when relaxed
B. Dome-shaped when contracted

A

A

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12
Q

The external intercostals ____the ribcage and ____ cavity

A

lift, expand

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13
Q

Inspiration can be _____ or ______

A

Quiet, forced

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14
Q

During normal expiration, the diaphragm ____ and the external intercostals ____

A

Relax, relax

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15
Q

During active expiration, the internal intercostals ____ and the accessory muscles ____ to further decrease cavity volume

A

contract, contract

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16
Q

What helps the lungs to stick to the thoracic wall?

A

The pleura

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17
Q

Lungs ____ during inspiration and ____during expiration

A

Expand, decrease

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18
Q

Where is visceral pleura found?

A

On the lungs

19
Q

Where is parietal pleura found?

A

On the thoracic wall

20
Q

Explain what the muscles are doing during inspiration

A

The diaphragm and external intercostals contract. Accessory muscles contract for forced breathing

21
Q

Explain what the muscles are doing during expiration

A

The diaphragm relaxes. intercostals and accessory muscles contract for forced breathing.

22
Q

What are the two opposing forces that must be overcome to take a breath

A
  1. Stiffness of the lungs

2. Resistance of the airways to the lungs outside to the alveoli

23
Q

What is surfactant produced by?

A

Alveolar type 2 pneumocytes

24
Q

Tidal volume (Vt) measures…

A

The volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath

25
Q

Tidal volume (Vt) measures…

A

The volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath

26
Q

What does inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) measure?

A

Extra volume that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume

27
Q

What does expiratory reserve volume measure?

A

Extra volume that can be exhaled voluntarily after completion of a normal respiratory cycle

28
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume remaining in lung after maximal exhalation

29
Q

What is minimal volume ?

A

The volume remaining in the lungs if they collapsed.

30
Q

How do you measure vital capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume

31
Q

How do you measure total lung capacity

A

Vital + residual volume

32
Q

How do you measure inspiratory capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve + tidal volume

33
Q

How do you measure functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve + residual volume.

34
Q

inspiratory capacity is the…

A

Volume remaining in lungs after normal exhalation

35
Q

Total lung capacity measure…

A

The extra volume that you can take over and above tidal volume

36
Q

Vital capacity measure…

A

The total volume in lungs when maximally full

37
Q

The FEV1/FVC ratio less than 0.70 indicates…

A

Airways obstruction = increased airway resistance

38
Q

Obstructive examples (resistance to airflow)

A

Chronic bronchitis and asthma

39
Q

Restrictive examples (reduced lung capacity)

A

Fibrosis, insufficient surfactant release

40
Q

What is dead space?

A

Some of the inhaled air never gets to the alveoli so it cannot gas exchange

41
Q

How do you measure alveolar ventilation?

A

Tidal volume - Dead space multiplied by respiratory rate (f)

42
Q

What determines the rate of diffusion?

A
  • Surface area of the membranes
  • Thickness of the membranes
  • pressure difference between the two sides
43
Q

Dalton’s law states that
A. That pressure gradient alveolar diffusion
B. That flux is directly proportional to the diffusion constant
C. Partial pressure is qual to fractions of the individual gas x total gas pressure
D. That CO2 diffuses 20x faster than O2 due to high solubility

A

C

44
Q

PAO2 depends on:

A
  1. Partial pressure of O@ in inspired air
  2. Alveolar ventilation
  3. Oxygen consumption - Blood oxygen

HUBS 192 Module 2 (3 decks)

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