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BIOL 354 Final Exam > lecture 16 > Flashcards

lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

biogeography

A

study of distributions of biodiversity, both past and present.

  • high interdisciplinary: history, biology, geography, geology, ecology, conservation, evolution, systematics, genetics, climate, and many more…
  • differs from other fields of science: comparative and observational, takes advantage of natural experiments.
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2
Q

somewhere between 2 million to 100 million species on earth

A
  • most species are restricted to a small geographic area and a narrow range of environmental conditions.
  • biogeographic patterns are a consequence of the ways in which the limited geographic ranges of millions of species overlap and replace each other over the earth.
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3
Q

themes in biogeography

A
  • classify geographic regions based on their biotas.
  • reconstruct the origins, spread, and diversification of lineages and biotas.
  • understand the differences in diversity of species among geographic areas, and along geographic gradients (climate, latitude, elevation, and depth).
  • explaining geographic variation in the characteristics of closely related species, including trends in morphology, behavior and demography.
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4
Q

aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC)

A

how are organisms distributed around the world? viewed earth as changing and dynamic. explained variation in life over space and time.

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5
Q

age of european exploration

A

world exploration in 18th and 19th centuries.

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6
Q

up to the mid 18th century

A

religious explanations for patterns of diversity.

  • god created all species.
  • little/no change in earth, climate, or species through time.
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7
Q

carl linnaeus (1700s)

A
  • provided a necessary method for classification.
  • believed that God speaks through nature.
  • Paradisical Mountain 6,000 years ago - all life originated at the equator on the slopes of a “Paradisical Mountain.” each species adapted to a particular habitat along the slope.
  • mount arourat in turkey - where Noah’s Ark landed, and species colonized mountain during flooding.
  • deserts and rainforests? remote islands?
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8
Q

georges-louis buffon (1707-1788)

A
  • species dispersal hypothesis: single species creation/origination at north pole during warm period, followed by southern migration and adaption to new environments.
  • importance: dynamic climate + species adaption.
  • Buffon’s law: environmentally similar but isolated areas have distinct assemblages of birds and mammals.
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9
Q

sir joseph banks (1743-1820)

A

Cook’s first voyage. collected over 1,000 new plant species and support for Buffon’s law.

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10
Q

johann reinhold forster (1729-1798)

A

cook’s second voyage. described global botantical regions and support for Buffon’s law.

  • latitudinal diversity gradient - diversity down from equator to pole.
  • island biogeography - size and species richness.
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11
Q

19th century “golden age for biogeography”

A
  • age of earth.
  • dynamic nature of the earth’s surface.
  • origin and spread of biological diversity.
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12
Q

alexander von humboldt (1769-1859)

A
  • covariation of vegetation and climate.
  • pytogeography.
  • elevational diversity gradient.
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13
Q

augustin de candolle (1778-1841)

A
  • species competition for resources a key factor for persistence.
  • climate, geology, and age are factors in biodiversity.
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14
Q

adolphe brongniary (1801-1876)

A
  • reconstructed ancient climates using fossil plants.

- found tropical fossils in temperate areas: climate change.

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15
Q

charles lyell (1797-1875)

A
  • species go extinct, species distributions change.

- earth must be older than 6,00 years.

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16
Q

charles darwin (1809-1882)

A
  • theory of evolution by natural selection.

- importance of long0distance dispersal in biogeography.

17
Q

how do species get to isolated islands, and across oceans?

A
  • dispersalists - long0dsitance dispersal.
  • extensionists - landbridges connecting continents.
    > proposed a variety of vanished land bridges to account for the observed distributions of terrestrial organisms.
18
Q

alfred russel wallace (1823-1913)

A
  • geography affected the ranges of species.
  • rivers and mountain ranges marked the boundaries of species.
  • similar climate regions contained very different animals.
  • biogeography was a record of inheritance.
  • recognized six biogeographical regions on earth, and Wallace’s line divided the Oriental and the Australian regions.
19
Q

continental drift

A

continents formerly joined together. slowly drifting on earth’s surface (moved by waves and tides).
- evidence: continents fit together nicely, geological similarities, and fossil similarities.

20
Q

plate tectonics

A

1960s; mapping of the ocean floor helped find mechanisms for continental drift.

21
Q

theory of island biogeography

A

Robert MacArthur (1930-1972) and Edward Wilson (1929-); mechanisms to explain species richness on islands.

  • extinction rate higher for smaller islands.
  • immigration rate higher for larger islands.
  • immigrations rate higher for near islands and lower for far islands.
22
Q

phylogenetic methods in biogeography

A

4 general types:

  • diffusion models.
  • island models.
  • hierarchical vicariance model.
  • reticulate model.
23
Q

diffusion model

A

trace the geographic spread of species across a continuous landscape, both through time, across space. combine genetics + spatial analysis (GIS).

24
Q

island model

A

areas fall into discrete categories (islands are one example). estimate the rate of movement between each discrete area.
- equal dispersal rate, steeping stone, and general with carrying capacities.

25
Q

hierarchical vicariance model (HVM)

A

areas fall into discrete categories. different area configurations over time. species can only occur in one area.
- event based methods: vicariance, dispersal, and extinction.

26
Q

reticulate model

A

areas fall into discrete categories. different area configuration over time. species can occur in more than one area.

  • range expansion (geodispersal) and range contraction (local extinction).
  • duplication (within area diversification) and alloperipatric speciation (one daughter within one area).
  • NOT ALLOWED: sympatric speciation (across multiple areas) and classical vicariance (both daughters in > 1 area).

BIOL 354 Final Exam (6 decks)

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