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Bio 458 Final > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

on average the time between copulation and fertilization is about – hours

A

72

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2
Q

Once the mature ovum (with yolk) is released into the ——– it can be fertilized

A

infundibulum

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3
Q

If female copulates with more than 1 male, the sperm from which male is most likely to fertilize eggs?

A

last male

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4
Q

egg is in ——- for about 24 hours for most spcies

A

oviduct

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5
Q

describe how long is stays in each part of the reproductive tract

A
  1. short time (20-30 mins) in infundibulum 2. 3 hours in magnum region where albumin is added 3. 1 hour in isthmus region where shell membrances are added. 4. 20 hours in uterus region where outer shell is added.
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6
Q

what can affect how pigments get on the shell?

A

how the papillae move and twist the egg

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7
Q

—– is the primary nutrient source

A

yolk

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8
Q

label as much as you can

A
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9
Q

chalazae:

A

twisted proteinaceous strands which suspend the yolk and allow it to rotate

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10
Q

air cell:

A

this allows gas transfer. Oxygen transfers in other areas iof the cel as well but this is like a reservoir of air

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11
Q

albumen:

A

90% water and 10% protein. is the embryos water supply but also serves as a shock-absorer to help protect the embryo. Buffers embryo from sudden changes in temperature

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12
Q

what is the maternal effect through the yolk?

A

yolk also transfers antibodies and hormones to the emrbyo.

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13
Q

why did females give more testosterone to younger siblings?

A

give them a chance to compete with older

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14
Q

Tradeoffs with T-levels?

A

why not have maximum levels of testosterone in eggs? could compromise immune function of both nestling and adults.

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15
Q

wat gender determines sex ratio of gender?

A

females are the heterogametic sex

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16
Q

the egg shell is formed of what?

A

calcium carbonate crystals

17
Q

are reptile or bird egg shells more complex?

A

bird

18
Q

why is their a limit for how many pores are in an egg?

A

important to have pores for gas exchange but there is a limit because if there is too much water is evaporated too fast

19
Q

how do birds acquire Ca for the shell?

A
  1. Increase intake of Ca during laying.
  2. Females can transfer up to 12% of bone mass to eggs in part through the medullary bone. Leftover crystals in the medullary are reabsorbed into the bloodstream
20
Q

what are 3 reasons why eggs have colour?

A
  1. coloured/patterned eggs evolved in sites vulnerable to predation
  2. coevolution with brood parasites may influence colour
  3. Pigmentation of eggs may make the shells less brittle and more resilient to breakage
21
Q

do eggs in safer nests such as in tree hollows need camoflauge colour?

A

No they are brighter so the females can see them in the dark nest site

22
Q

describe how eggs can signal female quality.

A

producing the blue pigment (biliberdin) derived from haemoglobin is energetically costly. Brighter eggs are associated with beter quality femeales. The brighter the egg the more yolk and larger they are.

23
Q

did male provision change with egg colour brightness?

A

yes in some and no in others and maybe in others too

24
Q

what kind of birds have intraspecfic variation in egg colour and why?

A

colonial birds, dont want to confuse between your eggs and neighbors egg

25
Q

spherical eggs:

A

maximize shell strength, heat conservation and need for shell materials

26
Q

pointed eggs:

A

maximize egg size for when the eggs are relatively large compared to body size. (eggs pack in better under brood patch). Roll in a tight arc so they dont fall of cliif ledges

27
Q

relative egg size——- with body size

A

declines

28
Q

are egg size larger in precocial or altricial birds?

A

precocial. also have relatively larger yolks and higher levels of lipid and proteins

29
Q

Nidicolous:

A

stay in the nest for a prolonged period (hawks, songbirds)

30
Q

Nidifugous:

A

leave the nest shortly after hatching (ducks, grouse)

31
Q

which bird has one of the most underdeveloped nestlings?

A

flickers! Have only 16% yolk and have to stay in nest for usually 25 days.

32
Q

what do flicker babies have on their beak?

A

white tips calcium hard covering on the tip of the bills that many nestlings have during hatching to break through egg and called egg teeth. Most fall of within a day of hatching

33
Q

usually later eggs dont survive but not in what genus?

A

eudyptes

34
Q

what is the usualy egg laying interval?

A

usually 1 per day

35
Q

what are 6 general patterns of clutch size variation?

A
  1. Inverse relation between parental feeding CS. precocial clutch sizes larger than altricial.
  2. controlling for species, often CS increases with latitude (less comp in arctic)
  3. within a breeding season, clutch size declines with laying date.
  4. Young birds lay fewer eggs than older ones. less experienced.
  5. clutch size may be correlated with food supply or habitat
  6. Cavity nesters often have larger clutches than open nesters. Literally not putting all your eggs in one basket
36
Q

2 ways a female can get nutrients for eggs:

A

Capital: she accumulates body reserves before laying, then uses this reserve to for eggs. arctic

Income: use the food ingested on a day to day basis. Birds in more tropical or temperate environments

37
Q

what are the 2 hypotheses for laying date CS trend? Not mutually exclusive.

A
  1. Adult quality hypothesis: better females laying early in spring
  2. Environmental quality hypothesis: those that arrive early and access the better food.
38
Q

what is the difference between determinate layers and indeterminate layers?

A

determinate layers, CS is fixed at start of laying and cant be altered by adding or removing eggs. Whereas indeterminate layers respond to egg removal or addition by adjusting the number of eggs they produce.

39
Q

Incubation limitation hypothesis:

A

maximum clutch is limited by number of eggs that can be incubated. Like penguins who incubate on their feet

Bio 458 Final (12 decks)

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