Lecture 12

Question 1

what are the types of migration?

Answer 1

1. Local. Loons from lake in summer to ocean in winter
2. Long distance: Trans equatorial or nearly so. (Barn swallow)
3. Short distance: stays within the same hemisphere, withdraws from the harshest regions near the poles (Northern flickr)
4. Partial migration: within the same population, some individuals migrate but others are sedentary (lesser black backed gull)

Question 2

Ultimately the distance the bird needs to migrate is associatd with the type and accessibility of —–

Answer 2

food

Question 3

They often follow ———

Answer 3

landmarks

Question 4

what is the importance of the bay of Funday?

Answer 4

about 75% of the world population of semipalmated sandpipers stops at the bay of funday for the mudshrimp which contain a large amount of fatty acids.

Question 5

The bay of funday hosts more than how many shorebirds?

Answer 5

500,000

Question 6

what bird has the greatest annual distance in migration?

Answer 6

Arctic Tern

Question 7

Longest non-stop flght record holder is….

Answer 7

Bar-tailed godwits from alaska to new zealnd

Question 8

what are some techniques and the data they give for studying migration?

Answer 8

1. Band recoveries –> location
2. Flight calls –> Timing
3. Doppler radar –> timing
4. Radio temetry –> full year data (timing, route, locations)
5. Satellite telemetry –> full year data
6. GPS –> full year data
7. Light level geolocation –> full year data
8. Intrinsic measures –> habitat and location

Question 9

animal tissues reflect the isotopic composition of what?

Answer 9

their supporting food web

Question 10

Hydrogen &D is found where and reflective of what?

Answer 10

found in feathers and is reflective of where the feather was grown. Heavier values mean it was further south and lighter values were north

Question 11

what did the study of red-eyed vireos migration show?

Answer 11

the body cindition affects the migratory route chosen. Bad body condition took a stop route but longer route. Good body condition had an orientation directly south. Assentially take a short cut across the gulf of mexico

Question 12

Blackpoll Warblers rely on what?

Answer 12

trade winds.

Question 13

what is the leap frog migration shows by the fox sparrow?

Answer 13

where the northern most populations winter in the southern most.

Question 14

what is the difference in wintering habitats between male and females?

Answer 14

males often winter farther north than females

Question 15

how do juvenilles winter differently than adults?

Answer 15

often winter farther south in some species

Question 16

what are the 3 factors that go into the female, male and juvenille differences?

Answer 16

1. High migration mortality favors juvenilles flying short distances.
2. Males winter farther north to return to breeding ground first and claim the best territories.
3. Survival incrwases with decreasing latitude so females, unaffected by the first 2 factors, take advantage of higher survival and winter the farthest south.

Question 17

V flight:

Answer 17

thought to be energetically advantageous

Question 18

what did the study that impanted heart rate monitors on pelicans discover about being the leading individual or others?

Answer 18

Formation was reduced compared to pelicans alone. The heart beat was higher in first individual and declined for those who were following.

Question 19

what are some example of birds changing their migration to diurnal or nocturnal?

Answer 19

1. Soaring birds depend on thermals for soaring and will fly when these currents occur,
2. Passerines can avoid predators and have calmer winds at night.

Question 20

A study moved a bird off migration route and tried to observe if they would change their orientation, what happened?

Answer 20

they discovered they they can asses their angle and go in the right direction, they have a true navigation ability.

Question 21

Birds navigate using a number of cues such as…

Answer 21

1. visual cues- landmarks
2. Accurate sense of time
3. Earths magnetic field
4. Celestial cues- sun by day, stars at night

Question 22

when pigeons had frosted glasses placed over their eyes could they still find home?

Answer 22

Yes they could!

Question 23

what happens to starlings on cloudy days?

Answer 23

starlings are day time migrators and can orient themselves via sun but on cloudy days this createa a challenge

Question 24

is navigating by stars an innate or learned behaviour?

Answer 24

young birds must see the night sky within 1 month of hatching to learn the rotations of the stars

Question 25

In order to tell them where the sun is birds may use what?

Answer 25

polarized light to help with directions

Question 26

what is the back up system of navigating when other things are not possible?

Answer 26

magnetic field.

Question 27

what test did they do to test their ability to detect the magnetic field?

Answer 27

altering the electric current with the coils on their heads disrupts the birds orientation for north or south

Question 28

Migration routes are both what?

Answer 28

learned and innate

Question 29

why may some birds loose the will to igrate?

Answer 29

may change over time in a population due to natural selection especially with climate change. This can happen in a few generations

Question 30

Over time, migration may be a mechanism of ———

Answer 30

speciation

Question 31

what is an example of migratory connectivity hurting a bird?

Answer 31

Connectivity is strong in the whooping crane has 1 wintering place in texas. There was a hurricane and the population was very affected

Question 32

If connectivity is weak then what?

Answer 32

habitat desctruction of 1 wintering area would not influence entire populations.