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Bio Quiz 4 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

____ phase is essentially eliminated in rapidly dividing cells

A

G1 Phase

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2
Q

Non dividing cells get permanently stuck in G1 phase going, then go into the ____ phase

A

G0

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3
Q

The _____ of cell division can also respond to changes in environmental conditions

A

Rate

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4
Q

______________ _________ (MPF) is present in the cytoplasm of M-phase cells and induces mitosis in all eukaryotes

A

Mitosis - promoting factor

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5
Q

MPF is composed of ___ distinct subunits: a protein kinase and a cyclin

A

Two

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6
Q

The protein _____ is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to target protein (phosphorylation)

A

Kinase

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7
Q

The _____ subunit functions a a regulatory protein

A

Cyclin

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8
Q

The concentration of MPF cyclin ________ during interphase, then peaks in M phase before decreasing again

A

Increases

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9
Q

The MPF protein kinase is a cyclin-__________ kinase (Cdk) that is active only when bound to the cyclin subunit.

A

Dependent

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10
Q

When cyclin proteins are high, more MPF is active and the target proteins are __________, initiating mitosis

A

Phosphorylated

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11
Q

A ________ is an enzyme that can phosphorylation a protein (add a phosphate group)

A

Kinase

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12
Q

The MPF activity peaks at the ____ Phase

A

M

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13
Q

After the MPF binds to cyclin,MPF’s Cdk subunit becomes phosphorylated at two sites, rendering it _______

A

Inactive

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14
Q

Late in G2 phase enzymes cause one of the phosphate groups on the Cdk subunit to drop off.
This dephosphorylation reaction changes MPF’s _______, activating it.

A

Shape

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15
Q

Once MPF is activated, it triggers a chain of events, culminating in the condensation of chromosomes and formation of the mitotic _________ apparatus

A

Spindle

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16
Q

During anaphase, an enzyme complex begins ______ MPF’s cyclin subunit, then MPF triggers a chain of events that leads to its own destruction.

A

Degrading

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17
Q

When more and more ______ binds to MPF, leads to phosphorylation but is still inactive

A

Cyclin

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18
Q

Late G2 enzyme, dephosphorylates, MPF is ________.

A

Active

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19
Q

Anaphase - and enzyme _____ cyclin and renders, MPF deactivated

A

Degrades

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20
Q

Cell Cycle check points :
1.) G1 checkpoint
- the cell “decides” to divide
2.) G2 checkpoint (has everything in needs to replicate)
- the cell make a commitment to mitosis
3.) ___-Phase checkpoint
-the cell ensures tat all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

A

M Phase

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21
Q

G1 Checkpoint:
- Cell size is adequate
-nutrients are sufficient
- social signals are present
- ___ is undamaged

A

DNA

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22
Q

Mature cells do not pass the __ Phase, they go into the G0 Phase

A

G1

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23
Q

G2 checkpoint:
- chromosomes have ________ successfully
-DNA is undamaged
-activated MPF is present

A

Replicated

24
Q

M-Phase checkpoint:
- chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus
- chromosomes have properly segregated and ___ is absent

A

MPF

25
Q

G1 checkpoint determines whether the cell will continue through the cycle and divide, or ____ the cycle to enter the G0 phase

A

Exit

26
Q

The _____ protein either pauses the cell cycle or initiates apoptosis (causes the cell to die) if the DNA is physically damaged.

A

P53

27
Q

Tumor suppressor: damage to the ___ gene can lead to uncontrolled cell division

A

p53

28
Q

G2 checkpoint is controlled by ___

A

MPF

29
Q

The M-Phase checkpoint prevents _________ chromosome separation that could give daughter cells the wrong number of chromosomes

A

Incorrect

30
Q

The three ____________ checkpoints prevent the division of cells that are damaged of that have other problems, and they prevent the growth of mature cells that should stay in the G0 state

A

Cell-cycle

31
Q

_______ is a common, sometimes lethal disease that effects many humans

Caused by:
- uncontrolled cell growth, that invade nearby tissues, and spread to other sites in the body (metastasize)

A

Cancer

32
Q

_____ cancers arise from cells in which cell-cycle checkpoints have failed
(Also related to when p53 fails)

A

ALL

33
Q

_______ - oncogenes:
- Tell cells to go (act as gas)
-Defects make proteins required for cell growth active when they should not be

A

Proto

34
Q

________-suppressor genes:
-Tell cells to stop (act as break)
- Defects that prevent tumor suppressor genes from shutting down the cell cycle (break failure)

A

tumor

35
Q

_______ __________ - are often proteins that can bind to cell surface receptors and allow the cell to undergo cell division

A

Growth Factors

36
Q

___________ - can cause cancer when introduced into a cell

A

Oncogenes

37
Q

________ inhibition is one such signal. As cells grow and touch one another, they send signals to stop growing

A

Contact

38
Q

Cancer cells ignore these signals through mutations in proteins that prevent the cell cycle from progressing. These regulatory proteins are called _________ suppressors

A

Tumor

39
Q

When tumor suppressors are mutated, the cell cycle will _______ when it should not

A

Progress

40
Q

Cancer cells that metastasize have lost cell _________.

A

adhesion

41
Q

When a checkpoint is activated due to DNA damage, the cell tried to repair the damage through DNA _______ mechanisms. If the damage is too far gone and unrepairable the cell with undergo Apoptosis (program cell death)

A

Repair

42
Q

Cancer cells ignore these signals through mutations in proteins that prevent the cell cycle from progressing. These regulatory proteins are called _______ suppressors.

A

Tumor

43
Q

When tumor suppressors are mutated, the cel cycle will ______ when it should not.

A

Progress

44
Q

Due to programmed cell death (p53) the cell will ___ if it can not be fixed

A

Die

45
Q

When a checkpoint is activated due to DNA damage, the cell tried to repair the damage through DNA ______ mechanisms.

A

Repair

46
Q

If a cell is damaged to much, the cell activates the Program Cell Death or ________ “POP the cell”

A

Apoptosis

47
Q

If an apoptotic signal is _________, the cell will not die and it will continue through the cell cycle.

A

Mutated

48
Q

ASE = _________

A

Enzyme

49
Q

Most cancers result from _______ defects in cell-cycle regulation.

A

Multiple

50
Q

Adding a phosphate group .

A

Phosphorylation

51
Q

Removing a phosphate group

A

Dephosphorylation

52
Q

A family of enzymes that regulate cell division.

A

Cyclin-dependent Kinase (Cdk)

53
Q

The MPF cyclin is specific to the _____

A

MPF

54
Q

A proto-oncogenes is a normal gene that helps a cell, and an oncogene is a _________ proto-oncogene that can cause cancer

A

Mutated

55
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle would most adult quiescent cells be in ?
A.) G1
B.) G2
C.) M
D.) G0

A

D.) G0

56
Q

What is the relationship between cyclin and the MPF?
A.) Substrate to the enzyme
B.) Allosteric regulatory molecule
C.) Active site antagonist
D.) Competitive inhibitory molecule

A

B.) Allosteric regulatory molecule

57
Q

Which of the following is not a true statement?
A.) The rate of cell division in the human body is approximately equal to the rate at which cells become damaged or die.
B.) Normal cells have mechanisms that regulate cell division.
C.) The inability to control cell division may result in cancer.
D.) All cells undergo repeated cell division throughout their lifetime.
E.) With the exception of blood cells, human cells remain in one location throughout their lifetime.

A

D.) All cells undergo repeated cell division throughout their lifetime.

(Mature cells often go into G0, instead of continuing through the cycle)
(Some cells, but not all, nerves are usually in G0 Phase)

Bio Quiz 4 (2 decks)

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