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sexuality p2 > LECTURE > Flashcards

LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

when and by who did the word homosexual become coined

A

1869
Karl Maria Kentbeny

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2
Q

concept of sexual orientation invented in __, primarily by __

A

west 1869
medical practioners who created the idea of heterosexual and homosexuals

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3
Q

prior to 1869, same-sex sexual acts existed but __

A

personal or group identities based on same-sex sexuality did not exist thus neither did sub-cultures of same-sex attracted individuals

because sexual orientation categories did not exist, everyone was bisexu

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4
Q

what are fanchonos (portuguese)

A

same-sex attracted males, many of whom were effeminate

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5
Q

relating to portuguese, what was said in 1652

A

people warned about a priest named Barreto because he was a fanchono and a somitigo (sodomite)

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6
Q

in 1645, portuguese referred to gay people as __

A

assemblies of fanchonos
-employed nicknames such as Rafeal Fanchono (1570)

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7
Q

fanchonos organized themselves in physical and social space in the manner of subculture, explain

A

wore distinctive clothing/hairstyle
often employed overtly feminine nicknames
employed specialized slang

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8
Q

fanchonos spoke about themselves as a __ while outsiders were referred to as __

A

jurisdiction
ugly

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9
Q

when did the portuguese fanchonos exist

A

late 16th and 17th records of Portuguese Inquistion in the National Archives in Lisbon

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10
Q

when did the english mollies exist

A

18th century documents including records from London’s central criminal court (the Old Bailey)

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11
Q

what is a sub-culture

A

sub-group of individuals within larger culture that has unique traditions distinguishing it from the larger group

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12
Q

individuals who were considered mollies employed __

A

nicknames for themselves
-e.g., Black molly, Green Pea Molly
-creates sense of group identity

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13
Q

mollies organized themselves in physical and social space in manner of subculture, explain

A

often employed overtly feminine nicknames
specialized slang and gestures
camp important
festivals, mock weddings/births
patronized molly houses

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14
Q

in 17th century Japan, what was a subculture

A

onna girai
-identity based on sexual orientation

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15
Q

evidence for a subculture in Indonesia called __ dates back to __

A

ludurk performers
1822

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16
Q

what was said about same-sex attracted women as a distinct category

A

such women will not suffer men but devote themselves to other women and are called tribads

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17
Q

in ancient indian medical texts, recognition of same-sex attracted females as __

A

distinct “types” and “man haters”
-shows that india sees homosexuality as a congenital, organic etiology (essentiality)

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18
Q

prior to 1869, Anne Lister __

A

was not able to create a lesbian network, let alone a subculture because she identified as a lesbian (personal identity) but no one else did

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19
Q

to determine where someone is sex a-typical, one has to first establish __

A

what counts as sex-typical pattern
-can be done by asking boys/men and girls/women about their preferred childhood activities

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20
Q

what were the questions to determine a girl/women sex-typical childhood behaviour

A

how often did you play with girls
how often did you play with dolls
how often did your pretend to be a girl
how often did you wear dresses

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21
Q

what were the questions to determine a boy/men sex-typical childhood behaviour

A

how often did you play with boys
how often did you engage in rough play
how often did you pretend to be a boy
how often did you cut your hair short

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22
Q

based on the questions to determine sex-typical childhood behaviour, what was the average FTB score? average MTB score?

A

4
0.75

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23
Q

in canada, how many men were sex-typical?
how many were sex a-typical?
what were the results for women?

A

0.5
3
3 (sex-typical) and 1 (sex-atypical)

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24
Q

in japan, compared to canada, what were the results for sex-typical childhood behaviour

A

less sex-typical, for both males&females, than Canadians in total

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25
Q

before individuals experience any sexual feelings, they exhibit __

A

behavioural correlates of their adult sexual orientation

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26
Q

those who grow up to be non-heterosexual exhibit __

A

more sex-atypicality, then those who grow up to be heterosexual

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27
Q

childhood sex-atypically emerges __ despite __

A

at young age (early as 2)
conventional socialization

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28
Q

childhood sex atypicality (CSA) can manifest in what 6 ways

A
  1. cross-dressing and simulating apperance of other sex
  2. desire to engage in play behaviour typical of other sex
  3. adopting role of other sex during make-believe play
  4. preference for opposite sex as playmate
  5. fantasizing about being opposite sex
  6. desiring/wishing (or believing that they are) the opposite sex
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29
Q

what is an example of atypicality in boys?
what about boys?

A

aversion to competitive sports and rough play
aversion to wearing feminine clothing and make-up

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30
Q

based on retrospective studies, __ of homosexual men recall __

A

89%
being more sex-atypical in childhood compared to average heterosexual man

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31
Q

based on retrospective studies, only _ of heterosexual men recall __

A

2%
being more sex-atypical than average homosexual man

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32
Q

based on retrospective studies, __ of lesbians recall __

A

81%
being more sex-atypical in childhood compared to average heterosexual woman

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33
Q

based on retrospective studies, __ of heterosexual women recall __

A

12%
being more sex-atypical than the average lesbian

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34
Q

based on a study, canadian gay men are __

A

shifted in a sex-atypical direction
-heterosexual men/women, on average, are sex-typical

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35
Q

what does male androphilia and childhood sex atypicality look like in Samoa

A

fa-afafine are sex-reversed, exhibiting a female-typical pattern

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36
Q

what are the results of female gynephilia and childhood sex atypicality

A

lesbians, cross-culturally and at similar prevalence, answered “yes” to engaging in typical “boy” behaviour in childhood

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37
Q

according to Hines study, girls who grew up to be lesbian were __

A

12-19 times more likely to be sex-atypical compared to heterosexual controls

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38
Q

Singh et al., conducted a study on 139 boys with Gender Identity Disorder (GID), what were the findings

A

125 reported sexual fantasies
-65% androphilic/bisexual
-35% gynephilic

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39
Q

according to Hines study, boys who grew up to be gay were __

A

20-26 times more likely to be sex-atypical compared to heterosexual controls

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40
Q

what did Whitam (1987) say about gender confusion

A

should be noted that feeling that one has been born the wrong sex is not limited to transsexuals
-most children who exhibit sex-atypical behaviour do not grow up to be trans

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41
Q

like Singh, Drummond et al., conducted a study on 25 girls with GID, what were the findings

A

23 reported sexual fantaises
-35% gynephilic/bisexual
-65% androphilic

42
Q

what is the desistence rate for boys and girls with Gender Identity Disorder (GID)

A

88%

43
Q

marked sex-atypicality in childhood behaviour and psychology is strong predictor of __

A

homosexuality in adulthood, especially in males

44
Q

cross-cultural universality in certain childhood sex and sexual orientation differences suggest __

A

biology plays role in their manifestation

45
Q

behaviour is the __

A

product of input-output systems in the brain that can be modified
-environmental input to behavioural output

46
Q

innate reflex pathways can be modified by __

A

operant conditioning
-modification of behaviour occurs through rewards and punishments

47
Q

individuals could be socialized into being boys or girls, regardless of their sex, provide an example

A

John Money worked with kids who had deformed genitalia and told the parents
1. genitals had to matched their assigned gender
2. if raised in sex-atypical manner, they could never be told the truth

48
Q

what is intersexuality

A

individuals for whom the various biological paramaters that define sex are a mixture of male-typical and female-typical

49
Q

what is cloacal exstrophy

A

intestine and bladder exposed at birth
genitals underdeveloped
socialized as girls

50
Q

what are the outcomes of cloacal exstrophy

A

rejection of assigned gender 600,00 times higher than expected
most socially withdrawn and depressed
all attracted to women and masculine

51
Q

in the Dominican Republic, a genetic condition called __ causes gender identity issues because __

A

5-alpha reductase deficiency: cannot convert testosterone to 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone

genital morphology appears female-typical at birth and throughout childhood
-raised as girls

52
Q

what are the outcomes of 5-alpha reductase deficiency

A

testosterone masculinizes body during puberty
most reject sex/gender of rearing and go on to identify/behave as men
most are opposite-sex attracted

53
Q

a group, called __, teach homosexual behaviour to boys in New Guinea, explain

A

Sambia

boys (7-20) required to engage in fellatio with older male partners and ingest semen
-few become androphilic in adulthood

54
Q

what is erotic plasticity

A

extent to which the sex drive can be shaped by social, cultural and situation factors
-sexually dimorphic

55
Q

females exhibit __ erotic plasticity than males, explain

A

more

more likely to experience change in their sexual behaviour/feelings over time
social, cultural and situational factors have more effect on female sexuality
women’s attitudes toward sexuality are less aligned with their actual behaviour

56
Q

sexual fluidity more common among __ and __
less common among __ and __

A

bisexual women and “femme” lesbians

androphilic women and “butch” lesbians

57
Q

what was Freduian psychoanalytic theory

A

homosexuality was perversion (arrested development) that could not be changed in most individuals
-not a mental illness

58
Q

what is the American psychoanalytic theory

A

neurosis (redirected libido)
-fear of female genitals which symbolize castration
-attractions to women repressed so libido shifted to men
-homosexuals mentally ill but curable

59
Q

what was a surgical treatment thought to cure homosexuality

A

lobotomies: destruction of ventro medial nucleus of hypothalamus
-libido decreases but no change in sexual orientation

60
Q

what are three treatments involving the removal of testosterone

A

orchiectomies, chemical castration and transplantation of testicles
-alteration of strength of libido, but no change in direction of sexual orientation

61
Q

what are aversion therapies

A

averise (punishing) stimuli paired fantasies or images of same sex
-punishment would reorient individual away from homosexual interest
-electric shocks, apomorphine, carbon dioxide

62
Q

what is orgasmic reconditioning therapy

A

rewarding stimuli paired with fantasies or images of opposite sex
-individual masturbates to same sex but at orgasm (reward) switch to images of opposite sex

63
Q

what is psychoanalysis

A

expose cause of neurosis (redirected libido) and work through unconscious anxieties through talk therapy
-practice gender-typical activities
-form close, non-sexual relationship with same-sex therapist

64
Q

what is reparative/conversion therapy

A

sexual reorientation therapy with explicit religious teaching
-individuals can experience same-sex attractions without being homosexual (only homo if they engage in homo behaviour)

65
Q

studies have failed to find any relationship between __ and __

A

parental styles and the development of homosexuality

66
Q

does distant fathers cause homosexuality in their sons

A

studies shown opposite direction of causality
-emotionally distant relationships between fathers and homosexual sons related to son’s sex-atypical behaviour

67
Q

what are the outcomes of psychoanalysis

A

no evidence that interventions are effective in changing sexual orientation

68
Q

__ and __ change but __ and __ do not

A

sexual behaviour
sexual orientation identity

sexual feelings/orientation

69
Q

__ of men and __ of women report having a __

A

99.7%
99.9%
sexual orientation identity

70
Q

intersubjective beliefs impact how individuals subjectively interpret __

A

what their sexual feelings, fantasies, attractions and desires mean

71
Q

based on process of subjective interpretation, individuals then __

A

adopt sexual orientation identities from pool that are culturally (intersubjectively) available

72
Q

once sexual orientation identity is adopted, it influences __ because __

A

type of behaviour an individual expresses

individual believes such behaviour consistent with identity they adopted

73
Q

expression of behaviour reinforces identity because __

A

individual believes the two are consistent with each other

74
Q

how do DL men describe gays

A

in negative terms (fearful, sad, lonely, while, effeminate, not fathers, clingy)

75
Q

what are DL men

A

identify as down low (DL), regularly engage in sex with other men but do not identify as gay

76
Q

DL men do not __

A

perceive homosexual behaviour as indicative (indexical particular) of gay identity, provided they behave in certain ways
-conceptual distinction exists between behaviour (doing) and identity (being)

77
Q

homosexual behaviour might be defined as “not gay” if what 4 things occur

A
  1. defined as work (get paid)
  2. specific act not engaged in
  3. individual acts in hyper-masculine manner
  4. individual does not have same-sex relationships or fall in love with partner
78
Q

if individuals hold indexical particulars for being gay but do not see these indexical particulars as characterizing themselves, then __

A

they will not identify as gay

79
Q

to maintain positive and emotionally consistent sense of self, DL individuals do two things, what are they

A
  1. develop new identity characterized by indexical particulars that are different from identity they seek to distance themselves from
  2. reinterpret meaning of any aspects of their identity that they share with the one (gay) from which they are seeking distance
80
Q

regarding developing new identity characterized by indexical particulars that are different from identity they seek to distance themselves from, explain what this means

A

black thus do not participate in mainstream, white cultures
hyper-masculine and cultivate “thug” image
sex with men but live heterosexual lives

81
Q

regarding the reinterpretation in meaning of aspects of identity shared with one they want to distance from, explain what this means

A

im just freaky
i have sex with men because i’m bored
bottoming can be masculine, aggressive. you can do it and not be a bitch

82
Q

once a DL identity is adopted, it influences their behaviour, explain

A

no coming out process
no verbalization of same-sex attractions
sex occurs in secret
dating and marrying women
no kissing
no condoms
-engaging in identity-specific behaviours reinforces their identity

83
Q

according to Savin-Williams and Valentova, men __ and women __

A

more likely to report that they are exclusively heterosexual than women

more likely to rate themselves as mostly heterosexual than men

84
Q

individuals who are mostly heterosexual (__) are __ common than those with stronger same-sex feelings (__)

A

Kinsley 1
more
Kinsley 2-6

85
Q

individuals with mostly or only homosexual feelings (__) comprise small minority of adults (__)

exclusive homosexuality is __ common among men than women

A

Kinsley 5&6
<5%

more

86
Q

exclusive homosexuality __ common in men than substantial bisexuality

substantial bisexuality is __ common in women than is exclusive homosexuality

A

more

more

87
Q

sexual orientation in women appears __ than in men

A

more continous
-negative exponential curve

88
Q

sexual orientation in men appears __ than in women

A

more bimodal
-bimodal J curve

89
Q

sexual orientation rates are unrelated to variety of sociocultural variables across 28 nations, what were these variablea

A
  1. gender equality
  2. gender empowerment
  3. economic development
  4. individualism/collectivism
90
Q

sexual orientation rates __

A

relatively stable across nations

91
Q

in 1901, Romer conducted a study on fellow male students, what did he find

in 1903, Hirschfeld conducted study, what did he find in his first study? what about his second in 1904?

A

1.9% were homosexual

1.5% were homosexual
1.7% were homosexual

92
Q

does the population prevalence rate for male androphilia differ depending on whether one is transgender or cisgender

A

no, fa’afafine and gay men exhibit similar population prevalence rates

93
Q

the inter-subjective view of a gay man and a fa’afafine is __
but the objective reality is __

A

different categories

same category
-same natural kind (male androphilies), different culturally-specific expressions

94
Q

why is it unlikely that homosexuality is absent among Aka

A
  1. insufficient sample size to detect male or female homosexuality
  2. asked about behaviour not feelings
  3. demographic constraints on expression of homosexual behaviour
  4. absence of word for homosexuality is not evidence for absence of phenomenon
95
Q

who are the Tausug
*from Sulu Islands

A

premarital heterosexual sex taboo
transgender male androphilies accepted and public
male homosexual behaviour is tolerated and routine

96
Q

what are the Bajau
*from Sulu Islands

A

premarital heterosexual sex accepted
male homosexual interactions highly taboo and described as absent

97
Q

is homosexuality absent in bajau culture

A

some men seek out Tausug males for sex
feminine males exist in bajau that resemble to tausug homosexuals

98
Q

for demographic reasons, male androphilia and female gynephilia may be absent in small groups because __

however, they may be present, but appear absent because __

A

both are low frequency traits that are only expressed in large populations

individuals never come into contact with others like themselves and thus have no sexual outlet (same-sex sexual behaviour is never expressed)

99
Q

for cultural reasons, male androphilia and female gynephilia may be present, but appear absent because __

A

both are taboo and thus, never expressed behaviourally or in terms of open declarations of identity

100
Q

existence of same-sex sexual orientation (feelings) appears to __ but it’s actual expression (behaviour, declaration of identity) is __

A

exist in context of independent manner

context dependent

sexuality p2 (2 decks)

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