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sexuality p2 > ARTICLE > Flashcards

ARTICLE Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two bathhouses in clevland

A
  1. Club Clevland (West, white, gay)
  2. Flex (East, black, hispanic)
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2
Q

why are black people not openly gay

A

products of culture: black has high stands for masculinity/fatherhood
-homosexuality seen as white problem

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3
Q

since people are not openly gay, lead to new identity/culture called __

A

Down Low (DL)
-popularized in 90s

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4
Q

black people count for 12% of population but __

A

account for 1/2 of aids cases
-leading cause is homosexual acts

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5
Q

most DL men identify with __ not sexuality

A

race
-black is seen as masculine

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6
Q

in Denizet-Lewis article Rakeem identifies as urban black gay man on DL reflecting __

A

comfort in sexuality but unwillingness to announce it

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7
Q

DL label serves to __

A

announce masculinity and to seperate from white, gay culture

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8
Q

DL does not identify self as gay thus __

A

no closet to come out of
do not wear condoms because they must acknowledge the sexual act
-both these emphasize hypermasculinity

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9
Q

what is Outreach Inc.
who was it found by

A

non-profit in Atlanta that provides services for AIDS/addiction to black communities

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10
Q

what is a key topic of history of sexuality

A

well organized homosexual subculture in London (18th century)
-gay slang, camp/effeminate behaviour
-sodomities and mollies

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11
Q

what is the 1707 Broadside Ballad

A

arrest of 40 mollies from public/molly houses

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12
Q

what is a molly house

A

colllective homosexual identity
-attendees had a collective sociocultural identity

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13
Q

at molly houses, men picked up men, the act being called __
mollies used system of __ to indicate their desires

A

picking up trade in molly market

signals/coded gestures

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14
Q

what is the most popular mollyhouse

A

coffeehouse in Holborn owned by Clap, calling it Mother Clap’s

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15
Q

molly nicknames functioned to __

A

solidify relationships and identities
evidence of group and personal identity, centered on sexuality and gender identity

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16
Q

according to Giles, another popular research topic is __ because __

A

Sambia tride of Papua New Guinea

have culturally prescribed time of male homosexuality prior to heterosexual marriage

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17
Q

what does Herdt argue about Sambia sexual behaviour

A

it shows their sexual desires that was scripted into them
-some view it as instuitionalization and ritualization

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18
Q

describe the male sexual behaviour of Sambia

A

engage in fellatio with other boys because they believed semen was gained through other men (do not create own) thus necessary for masculine development
-also way to protect women from being polluted

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19
Q

bisexual typically refers to going back and forth between sexes throughout life
why are Sambia not considered bisexual?

A

exclusive homosexual period that is culturally prescribed with shift to permanent homosexuality

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20
Q

Sambia sexual acts are referred to as __

A

homoerotic activity (homoeroticism)

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21
Q

what is homoeroticism

A

implies homosexual sexual desire

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22
Q

__ and __, NOT __, should be true indicator of sexual attraction

A

fantasy and desire

behaviour

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23
Q

what did Hewlett study

A

Aka and Ngandu people of Central Africa (same location different culture)
-studied their sexual behaviour

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24
Q

__ pronounced in Aka culture whereas __ pronounced in Ngandu

A

gender egalitarianism
gender inequality

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25
Q

what is a similarity between Aka and Ngandu

A

view sex as “work of the night” with the goal of producing children
-reproductive tool

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26
Q

what did Hewlett conclude about the two culture groups

A

homosexuality/masturbation rare or non-existent because they are not part of cultural model

27
Q

western science distinguishes between three components of sexuality: desire, behaviour and identity

thus, __ and __ may be foreign to the two culture groups but __ may not be

A

behaviour and identity

desire

28
Q

human sexuality, according to Dreger, similar to __ because __

A

bonobo apes
frequent non reproductive sex, engage in sex throughout female cycle, use sex to reduce social tensions

29
Q

who are Istmo Zapotec

A

pre-Columbian cultural group indigenous to Oaxaca, Mexico
-recognizes three genders: men, women and muxes

30
Q

what are muxes

A

biological males who are androphilic, feminine and adapt receptive role during anal

31
Q

Istmo recognize two types of muxes, what are they

A
  1. muxe gunna: transgender androphilic males
  2. mux nguiu: cisgender androphilic male
32
Q

trans/cis androphilic males report __ in childhood compared to gynephilic women

A

higher rates of seperation anxiety

33
Q

what are the 8 biopsychological correlates of androphilic women found by Gomez et al

A
  1. later born than siblings
  2. more older brothers (increase chance by 33%)
  3. larger families
  4. more androphilic relatives
  5. similar prevelance among cultures
  6. little to no reproductive output
  7. gender atypical in childhood
  8. preference for female-typical occupation
34
Q

muxe __ most common form of third gender, and their acceptance in society is shown by __

A

gunna

Festival Seekers of Danger

35
Q

what are the two social factors that account for fact that androphilic males exhibit seperation anxiety in childhood

A
  1. overprotective parenting associated with anxiety disorders
  2. bidirectional link (parenting style response to traits/behaviour of children)
36
Q

what are the three hormonal factors that account for fact that androphilic males exhibit seperation anxiety in childhood

A
  1. exposed to sex-atypical sex steroid hormones in utero (feminize brain)
  2. estrogen exposure for males change voice to be female-typical
  3. exposure to female sex steroid hormones influences attachment and anxiety
37
Q

what is the genetic factor that accounts for fact that androphilic males exhibit seperation anxiety in childhood

A

genetic factors underlie gender atypical behaviour and same sex preference in males
-e.g., Xq28 linked to androphilic males

38
Q

what did Vasey say about the connection between sexuality and anxiety

A

anxiety indicative of elevated concern for well-being of kin, making it an adaptive, developmentally appropriate expression of kin alturism
-concerned of kin thus anxious

39
Q

what was the sexual revolution (60s/70s)

A

changed sexual behaviours, attitudes and desires
-only changed men’s behaviour, not desires/attitudes–had bigger impact on female sexuality

40
Q

what is erotic plasticity

what is low plasticity
what is high plasticity

A

extent sex drive can be influenced by social, cultural and situational factors

inflexible/strong biological programming
capacity to change/adapt

41
Q

women’s sex style/wants __, men __

A

change over time and circumstances

stable from young adulthood

42
Q

NHSLS focused on two main social institutions, education and religion, what did they find

A

impacts female sexuality but not men
-education=high sexual behaviour
-religion= low sexual behaviour

43
Q

__ is time when males sexual taste/desire stabilize

A

puberty
-childhood experiences can affect male sexuality via imprinting

44
Q

what was Patricks (father) view of Danny (son)

A

believed parents are important influence on whether child becomes homo or hetero
wanted a hetero son but he displayed female-typical behaviours, thus would be punished

45
Q

what did the first psychiatrist claim Dannys behaviour came from

A

his mother, Leslie because she was absent during his first year of life
-was depressed
-danny reconstructed a substitute women in himself

46
Q

what are the three predictions made by Bailey about Danny concerning his adult sexuality

A
  1. most likely danny will become homosexual man
  2. may grow up to be heterosexual (unlikely)
  3. danny will become a women and be attracted to men
47
Q

according to bailey, what was the largest, most famous and best study

A

Richard Green
-worked with 66 feminine boys
-feminine boys displayed many feminine behaviours

48
Q

based on Green’s work, what 6 feminine behaviours did the feminine males display

A
  1. cross dressing (70%)
  2. playing with dolls (50%)
  3. taking female roles in fantasy games (60%)
  4. relating better to girls than boys as peers (80%)
  5. wishing to be a girl (10%)
  6. having below-average interest in rough-and-tumble play/sports (80%)
49
Q

a follow up study conducted by Green showed __ of men grew up to be gay and __ denied being attracted to men

A

75%
25%

50
Q

transsexualism is rare, __ males undergo a sex change

transsexualism rate among feminine boys __ than general population

A

1 in 12000

400 times

51
Q

according to the DSM-IV-TR, what explains Danny’s behaviour

A

childhood gender identity disorder (GID)
-he is mentally ill

52
Q

to be diagnosed with GID, a boy must meet four major criteria, what are they

A
  1. behave in very feminine ways
  2. show signs of being unhappy as a boy
  3. life must be substantially and negatively affected by symptoms
  4. atypical behaviour cannot be due to known medical syndrome that interferes with sexual differentiation
53
Q

to meet the behavioural criteria of GID on the DSM, a boy must show what (at least) four criteria

A
  1. desire/insistence that he is a girl
  2. preference for cross-dressing
  3. strong/persistent fantasy of being female (taking female roles)
  4. intense desire to participate in feminine games and pasttimes
  5. strong preference for female playmates
54
Q

Zucker emphasizes a three-pronged treatment approach for boys with GID, what is it

A
  1. family therapy (believes parents cannot effectively react to behaviour)
  2. adjust boy to idea he cannot become a girl
  3. elimination of toleration and encouragement of feminine play (prevents child from accepting maleness)
55
Q

american views on gender development have been dominated by idea that __

A

differences between boys and girls are rooted in socialization, and socialization begins at home
-so, if boy thinks he is a girl, parents did something wrong

56
Q

after conception, male and female fetuses are similar, what makes them differ is __

A

direct and indirect effects of testosterone, which is present in higher levels in males

57
Q

what is the most famous case of gender identity issues

A

David Reimer (John/Joan case)
-lost penis in surgery, and since scientists believed humans are psychosexually neutral at birth, had him raised as a female

58
Q

Money was one of the most important scientists of 20th century, what did he do

A

worked on pseudo-hermaphrodites: people whose biological sex is neither clearly male nor clearly female
-led him to believe in psychosexual neutrality at birth

59
Q

what are the “looked at em funny” theories of gender identity according to Bailey

A

you can call a child a girl, give her sex-typical name and sterotypical toys/clothes associated but what really matters are subtle features of parent-child interaction

60
Q

sexual reorientation therapies, commonly referred to as __ have been developed for individuals who __

A

conversion/reparative therapies

sense themselves to be homosexual and find this identity incongruent
-biological, behavioural, cognitive and psychodynamic to religious means

61
Q

religious and psychodynamic principles define homosexuality as __

A

condition that results when a child does not receive sufficient low through the attachment to the same-sex parent

62
Q

current sexual reorientation treatments for both sexes tend to __

A

offer gender lessons and support groups whereby clients can see others of the same sex as friends rather than sexual partners

63
Q

two dichotomized clinical and political agendas have intersected around issue of sexual reorientation, what are they

A
  1. tries to create method of eliminating sexual attractions to same-sex individuals and to foster a heterosexual conversion
  2. promote expression to self and others of a homosexual identity and to validate same-sex sexual and emotional relationships
64
Q

what are the two issues that have emerged surrounding the ethics of sexual reorientation therapy

A
  1. providing clients with opportunity to self-determine
  2. evaluating efficacy of such interventions

sexuality p2 (2 decks)

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