Lecture 15: Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke Flashcards
TBI is
the #1 killer of children and young adults
List the primary causes of TBI
-falls
-motor vehicle traffic
-assault
-struckby/ against
-other
symptoms of mild TBI
-no loss of consciousness or loss <30 mins.
-concentration problems
-forgetting things
symptoms of moderate TBI
-loss of consciousness of about 30 min. - 24hrs
-memory loss, problems speaking and understanding, personality changes, anger aggression
symptoms of severe TBI
-loss of consciousness for > 24hrs
- headache that doesn’t go away and/or gets worse
- (similar symptoms to moderate TBI just worse)
symptoms vary depending on
the site of injury
Injury occurs both at __ and __
site of impact (coup); opposite side (contrecoup)
What occurs to axons due to brain trauma?
axons shear which causes them to retract and can eventually die
Repeated traumatic brain injury causes __
tau accumulation and dementia
List the three kinds of sports where TBI occur frequently
-football
-MMA fighting
-hockey
What does Tau accumulation lead to?
Brain cell damage
-when tau is phosphorylated it falls off to allow other cell processes to occur so if it doesn’t fall off it will affect the health of the cell.
Soccer heading is associated with
white matter microstructural and cognitive abnormalities
How do you model TBI?
A mouse is placed on a machine which impacts its head modeling a trauma to the brain
TBI in rats increased __
“anxiety”
Explain the elevated plus maze
The elevated plus maze is an experiment done to test the effect of mice after a traumatic brain injury. On the maze there are two open ends and two closed ends. It would make sense for the mouse to hide in the closed ends where it is dark so predators do not see it as easy. The TBI caused on the mouse affects it in a way where the mouse doesn’t hide in the closed ends meaning it will spend more time on the open ends of the maze.
What are brain organoids?
a new way to model human brain development by creating a brain in a dish using hPSCs
How does modeling TBI with brain organoids work?
The organoid is placed in a “phantom skull” and then subjected to a controlled impact
What does brain organoid modeling suggest?
controlled cortical impact (CCI) of brain organoid increases astrocyte activation and decreases neuronal process density, mimicking in vivo CCI
What are the two kinds of strokes?
Ischemic and hemorrhagic
Describe a ischemic stroke
A blockage of blood vessels; lack of blood flow to affected area
Describe a hemorrhagic stroke
rupture of blood vessels; leakage of blood which leads to pressure on brain due to no space for swelling
___ of all strokes are ischemic
87%
symptoms depend on
where the blockage or hemorrhage occurs
symptoms of a stroke
blurred vision, trouble speaking/understanding, sudden paralysis, sudden numbness, loss of coordination/balance
What are the two kinds of ischemic stroke?
embolism or thrombosis
embolism
blockage by a clot that has traveled into an artery in the brain
thrombosis
blockage by a clot that has built up on the wall of a brain artery
What is the current treatment for a ischemic stroke?
A tPA is a concentrated form of the body’s way to dissolve clots. A shot given within 4.5 hrs or sooner after the stroke has occurred will dissolve the clots.
Human NSCs transplantation improves
motor function
What does NSCs transplantation do?
increases dendritic branching and axonal sprouting
