Lecture 15: Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke

Question 1

TBI is

Answer 1

the #1 killer of children and young adults

Question 2

List the primary causes of TBI

Answer 2

-falls
-motor vehicle traffic
-assault
-struckby/ against
-other

Question 3

symptoms of mild TBI

Answer 3

-no loss of consciousness or loss <30 mins.
-concentration problems
-forgetting things

Question 4

symptoms of moderate TBI

Answer 4

-loss of consciousness of about 30 min. - 24hrs
-memory loss, problems speaking and understanding, personality changes, anger aggression

Question 5

symptoms of severe TBI

Answer 5

-loss of consciousness for > 24hrs
- headache that doesn’t go away and/or gets worse
- (similar symptoms to moderate TBI just worse)

Question 6

symptoms vary depending on

Answer 6

the site of injury

Question 7

Injury occurs both at __ and __

Answer 7

site of impact (coup); opposite side (contrecoup)

Question 8

What occurs to axons due to brain trauma?

Answer 8

axons shear which causes them to retract and can eventually die

Question 9

Repeated traumatic brain injury causes __

Answer 9

tau accumulation and dementia

Question 10

List the three kinds of sports where TBI occur frequently

Answer 10

-football
-MMA fighting
-hockey

Question 11

What does Tau accumulation lead to?

Answer 11

Brain cell damage
-when tau is phosphorylated it falls off to allow other cell processes to occur so if it doesn’t fall off it will affect the health of the cell.

Question 12

Soccer heading is associated with

Answer 12

white matter microstructural and cognitive abnormalities

Question 13

How do you model TBI?

Answer 13

A mouse is placed on a machine which impacts its head modeling a trauma to the brain

Question 14

TBI in rats increased __

Answer 14

“anxiety”

Question 15

Explain the elevated plus maze

Answer 15

The elevated plus maze is an experiment done to test the effect of mice after a traumatic brain injury. On the maze there are two open ends and two closed ends. It would make sense for the mouse to hide in the closed ends where it is dark so predators do not see it as easy. The TBI caused on the mouse affects it in a way where the mouse doesn’t hide in the closed ends meaning it will spend more time on the open ends of the maze.

Question 16

What are brain organoids?

Answer 16

a new way to model human brain development by creating a brain in a dish using hPSCs

Question 17

How does modeling TBI with brain organoids work?

Answer 17

The organoid is placed in a “phantom skull” and then subjected to a controlled impact

Question 18

What does brain organoid modeling suggest?

Answer 18

controlled cortical impact (CCI) of brain organoid increases astrocyte activation and decreases neuronal process density, mimicking in vivo CCI

Question 19

What are the two kinds of strokes?

Answer 19

Ischemic and hemorrhagic

Question 20

Describe a ischemic stroke

Answer 20

A blockage of blood vessels; lack of blood flow to affected area

Question 21

Describe a hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 21

rupture of blood vessels; leakage of blood which leads to pressure on brain due to no space for swelling

Question 22

___ of all strokes are ischemic

Answer 22

87%

Question 23

symptoms depend on

Answer 23

where the blockage or hemorrhage occurs

Question 24

symptoms of a stroke

Answer 24

blurred vision, trouble speaking/understanding, sudden paralysis, sudden numbness, loss of coordination/balance

Question 25

What are the two kinds of ischemic stroke?

Answer 25

embolism or thrombosis

Question 26

embolism

Answer 26

blockage by a clot that has traveled into an artery in the brain

Question 27

thrombosis

Answer 27

blockage by a clot that has built up on the wall of a brain artery

Question 28

What is the current treatment for a ischemic stroke?

Answer 28

A tPA is a concentrated form of the body’s way to dissolve clots. A shot given within 4.5 hrs or sooner after the stroke has occurred will dissolve the clots.

Question 29

Human NSCs transplantation improves

Answer 29

motor function

Question 30

What does NSCs transplantation do?

Answer 30

increases dendritic branching and axonal sprouting