Lecture 15: The Brain 2 Flashcards
How Many Pairs of Cranial Nerves Are There?
12
Brain Stem
Processes/relays information between the spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum
Parts Of The Brain Stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medula Oblongata
Medula Oblongata
Autonomic function of regulating heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory pace,
Contains nuclei for several cranial nerves
Pons
Nuclei involved with respiration,
Relays information to and from the cerebellum
Midbrain
Process sight and sound associated reflexes involving eyes, head, and trunk,
Maintains consciousness,
Fluid movement and muscle tone
Reticular Activating System
Neurons that ‘awaken’ other parts of brain once it’s slightly awake
Cerebellum
Coordinates body movements,
Maintain balance both at rest and during movements,
Ataxia
Caused by damage to cerebellum,
Inability to coordinate movements,
Things That Cause Ataxia
Stroke
Intoxication
Diencephalon
Inferior to cerebrum and anterior to cerebellum,
Links cerebrum with brainstem
Three Divisions Of Diencephalon
Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Pineal gland secretes melatonin and other hormones
Melatonin
Controls circadian rhythms and regulates epithalamus
Thalamus
Relay center for sensory information,
Receives sensory input from cerebellum, body, basal nuclei, eyes, ears,
Sends information out to areas of the cerebral cortex,
Part of limbic system
Hypothalamus
Stimulates a lot of hormone release and production for endocrine system,
Emotion,
Autonomic function of body temp, thirst, hunger, heart rate/pressure,
Circadian Rhythms,
Pituitary gland
Infundibulum
Where pituitary gland connects to the hypothalamus
Limbic System
Collection of nuclei and tracts in diencephalon and cerebrum,
Establishes emotional states,
Conscious thought with autonomic function,
Memory storage and retrieval,
Sets motivation level
Nuclei/Regions of Limbic System (6)
Amygdaloid Body, Cingulate Gyrus, Dentate Gyrus, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Hippocampus, Parts of Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
Conscious thoughts,
Somatic sensory awareness and processing,
Somatic motor commands initiated
Central Sulcus
Divides anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe,
Separates precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus
Lateral Sulcus
Divides frontal lobe from temporal lobe
Cerebral Hemispheres Receives _________ from, And Sends _______ To __________
Sensory information,
Motor commands,
The opposite side of body
Cerebral Hemispheres Have Different ________ But Similar ________
Function,
Structure
Motor Areas of Cerebrum
Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe directs voluntary movements
Primary Motor Cortex
Surface of precentral gyrus
Sensory Areas of Cerebrum
Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe receives somatic sensory info (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temp)
Primary Sensory Cortex
Surface of postcentral gyrus
Visual Cortex of Cerebrum
Information from sight receptors
Auditory Cortex of Cerebrum
Information from sound receptors
Olfactory Cortex of Cerebrum
Information from odor receptors
Gustatory Cortex of Cerebrum
Information from taste receptors
Sensory Association Areas of Cerebrum
Monitor and interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortex and understand what it is
Somatic Motor Association Area (Premotor Cortex)
Coordinates major responses (learned movements),
Learned movements stay in synapse
Association Fibers
Connect regions within one hemisphere
Commissural Fibers
Connect left and right hemispheres,
Corpus Callosum,
Anterior Commisure
Projection Fibers
Connect cerebrum with diencephalon and brainstem,
Lower to higher
Corpus Callosum
Where commissural fibers cross between left and right hemispheres
Basal Nuclei
Masses of gray matter,
Direct subconscious activities
Subconscious Activities of Basal Nuclei
Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone,
Coordination of learned movement patterns (help maintain balance, tense muscles, etc)
More Active Basal Nuclei =
Parkinson’s Disease
Types of Gray Matter Masses
Caudate Nucleus
Lentiform Nucleus
