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Physiology > lecture 15 - respiratory system 2 > Flashcards

lecture 15 - respiratory system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is elasticity?

A

ability of tissue to return to its original state when stretched

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2
Q

what influences the overall effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation?

A

airway resistance

alveolar surface tension

lung compliance

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3
Q

what is airway resistance?

A

defined as anything that impedes air flow through the respiratory tract

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4
Q

what is alveolar surface tension?

A

alveoli are converted with thin film of liquid composed mainly of water creating gas-water boundaries

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5
Q

what is lung compliance?

A

refers to the ability of lungs and chest wall to stretch

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6
Q

which part of the respiratory tract has the highest resistance?

A

bronchi

as generation increases
• resistance decreases
• SA increases

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7
Q

when does resistance increase?

A

inflammation of airways

increased mucus secretion

presence of tumour

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8
Q

what is the diameter of bronchioles controlled by?

A

ANS - parasympathetic

• bronchoconstriction increases resistance

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9
Q

how does alveolar surface tension change?

A

greatest when alveoli are at their smallest diameter - during expiration

increases surface tension resists the ability of the alveolus to inflate

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10
Q

law of LaPlace in alveoli

A

smaller radius = higher pressure

more difficult to inflate - need to have a higher pressure

small alveolar are more difficult to inflate than larger ones

surfactant reduces surface tension

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11
Q

how does surfactant reduce surface tension?

A

without surfactant, H bonds pull the water molecules together and the alveolus collapses

with surfactant, the H bonds are disrupted and the alveolus remain inflated

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12
Q

what is surfactant produced by?

A

type 2 alveolar cells

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13
Q

what is surfactant?

A

mixture containing proteins and phospholipids

polar and non-polar end

disrupts cohesive force of H bonds in water

more concentrated in small alveoli - increase stability

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14
Q

what is compliance?

A

defined as a change in volume produced by a change in pressure

low compliance = hard to stretch

high compliance = easy to stretch

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15
Q

what is compliance affected by?

A

alveolar surface tension - surfactant increases compliance

distensability of elastic tissue of lung

ability of chests all to move or stretch in inspiration

as you increase pressure, volume in the lungs increase

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16
Q

what is tidal volume (TV)?

A

volume inspired or expired with each normal breath

500 ml

17
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

maximal volume that can be expired after tidal volume

1200 ml

18
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

maximal volume that can be inspired after tidal volume

3100 ml

19
Q

what is residual volume (RV)?

A

volume that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

1200 ml

20
Q

what is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

volume of maximal inspiration

TV + IRV

3600 ml

21
Q

what is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

volume of gas remaining in the lung after normal expiration

ERV + EV

2400 ml

22
Q

what is vital capacity (VC)?

A

volume of maximal inspiration and expiration

IRV+ TV + ERV = IC + ERV

4800 ml

23
Q

what is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

the volume of the lung after maximal inspiration

the sum of all 4 lung volumes

24
Q

what is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

amount of air you can get in your lungs

25
Q

what is FEV1?

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

26
Q

how do changes in FVC and FEV1 indicate disease?

A

a healthy person should exhale about 80% of vital capacity in 1 second

27
Q

what indicates an obstructive lung disease?

A

FVC close to normal
FEV1 reduces

asthma
bronchitis

28
Q

what indicates a restrictive lung disease?

A

FVC reduces
FEV1 close to normal

pulmonary fibrosis

29
Q

what are non-respiratory movements not intended for ventilation?

A

sigh

yawn

sneeze

cough

30
Q

sigh

A

slow, deep expiration held and followed by slow expiration

reopens local groups of collapsed alveoli

stimulates release of surfactant

31
Q

yawn

A

large sigh

takes lung volume ti inspiratory capacity

when tired, minuses alveolar collapse during sleep

after sleep, opens alveoli that collapsed during sleep

32
Q

sneeze

A

deep inspiration followed by large forceful expiration through nose

clears foreign or irritating substances

velocity of 100mph

33
Q

cough

A

similar to sneeze but initial inspiration is small or absent

clears larnynx, trachea or lower airways

velocity can be up to 500mph

34
Q

what is dead space?

A

areas that don’t contribute to gas exchange

35
Q

anatomical dead space

A

volume of the conducting airways

36
Q

alveolar dead space

A

in unhealthy or elderly people not all alveoli function properly

37
Q

physiologic dead space

A

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

38
Q

what is total pulmonary ventilation?

A

ventilation rate x tidal volume (TV)

greater than alveolar ventilation due to dead space

39
Q

why is alveolar ventilation a better measure?

A

better indication of how much fresh air reaches the alveoli

= ventilation rate x (TV - dead space volume)

Physiology (29 decks)

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