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Physiology > lecture 14 - respiratory system 1 > Flashcards

lecture 14 - respiratory system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system?

A

exchange of gases

regulation of body pH

protection from inhaled pathogens and irritants

vocalisation

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2
Q

overview of the gas exchange system?

A

ventilation/external respiration

internal transport

internal respiration

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3
Q

what is ventilation?

A

exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

external respiration

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4
Q

what is internal transport?

A

movement of gas from lungs to the blood circulation

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5
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

gas exchange at the cellular level

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6
Q

what are the right and left lungs separated by?

A

the heart and the mediastinum

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7
Q

whats the hilum?

A

triangular depression on the mediastinal surface of each lung where the primary bronchi, blood, sympathetic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung

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8
Q

whats the cardiac notch?

A

groove in the mediastinal surface of of the left lung where it comes into contact with the heart

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9
Q

wheres the start of the respiratory system?

A

the nasal cavity

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10
Q

how many lobes are the lungs divided into?

A

right - 3 lobes

left - 2 lobes

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11
Q

what are the conducting systems?

A

not involved in gas exchange - main role is to move air in

comprised of:
• upper respiratory tract
• lower respiratory tract

lead from external environment to exchange surfaces

warm, humidify and filter inspired air

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12
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract made of?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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13
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract made of?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
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14
Q

what is the respiratory zone?

A

comprised of alveoli and capillary system

gas exchange surface

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15
Q

what does the nose and naval cavity do?

A
  • inhaled air is warmed and humidified
  • filters debris
  • secretes antibacterial substances
  • has olfactory receptors for smell
  • enhances resonance of voice
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16
Q

what does the pharynx (throat) do?

A
  • warm, humidify and filter inspired air
  • soft palate component moves posteriorly during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasopharynx and nasal cavity
  • protects against mechanisms stress (air and food)
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17
Q

what does the larynx do?

A
  • prevents food and liquids entering the respiratory tract

* sound production

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18
Q

the bronchial tree

A

lower respiratory tract conducting system

trachea branches into 2 primary bronchi - left and right

5 secondary bronchi
18 tertiary bronchi

divide into bronchioles

terminal division into a cluster of alveoli

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19
Q

how does the structure of airways relate to the function

A

as conducting systems divide the cross sections area increases exponentially

large SA for gas exchange at alveoli

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20
Q

epithelial cells of the lower conducting system

A
  • goblet cells
  • ciliated cells
  • mucocilary escalator
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21
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus to form a continuous mucus layer over the surface of the respiratory tract

22
Q

what do ciliated cells so?

A

produce saline

sweep mucus upwards to pharynx

23
Q

what does the mucociliary escalator do?

A

removes noxious particles from the lungs

saline secretion essential for functioning mucociliary escalator

24
Q

how is cystic fibrosis causes?

A

defect in CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel)

results in decreased fluid component of mucus

thick, sticky mucus layer cannot be cleared

bacteria can colonise causing recurrent lung infections

25
Q

how is the trachea kept open?

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

26
Q

what is the posterior surface of the trachea covered with?

A

elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle

allows oesophagus to expand during swallowing

27
Q

what are the 3 main histological changes that occur as the bronchi divide?

A

cartilage changes to complete rings, to progressively fewer, irregular plates

epithelium gradually changes to columnar cells in smaller bronchi

amount of smooth muscle increases

28
Q

structure of bronchioles

A

non-ciliated epithelium

smooth muscle layer

no cartilage

branch into 2 alveolar ducts

29
Q

where do alveolar ducts end?

A

in alveolar sacs - grape like clusters of alveoli which are surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

30
Q

vasculature of the alveoli

A

extensive capillary network provides large SA for exchange

pulmonary artery supplies deoxygenated blood

pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood away

31
Q

structure of alveoli

A

single epithelial layer

supported by elastic fibres

large SA

32
Q

what are the 2 types of alveoli?

A

type 1 alveolar cell
• 90% of alveoli
• very thin
• for gas exchange

type 2 alveolar cell
• smaller
• thicker
• produce surfactant

33
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

protect alveolar structures from non-filtered small particles

34
Q

what does ventilation involve?

A

diaphragm

respiratory muscles

pressure changes

35
Q

what is inhalation?

A

active contraction of the diaphragm

36
Q

what is expiration?

A

passive relaxation of the diaphragm

37
Q

what do the repsiraoty muscles do?

A

external intercostal muscles and scalenes raise rib cage upwards and outwards

in quiet breathing, expiration is passive

in forced breathing, intercostal muscles are active and accessory muscles play a role

38
Q

what is the mechanics of breathing?

A

movement of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during breathing

inspiration - increase is thoracic volume

expiration - decrease in thoracic volume

39
Q

what is Boyle’s law?

A

describes the relationship between pressure and volume

states that as:
• volume increases, pressure decreases
• volume decreases, pressure increases

40
Q

what pressure gradients influence ventilation?

A

atmospheric pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure

41
Q

what is atmospheric pressure?

A

pull of gravity of air around us creates atmospheric pressure

42
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

air pressure in the alveoli

rises and falls with inspiration and expiration

always eventually equalises with atmospheric pressure

43
Q

what is intrapleural pressure?

A

pressure in the pleural cavity

rises and falls with inspiration and expiration

doesn’t equalise with atmospheric pressure

44
Q

what are pleural sacs?

A

go around each lung - not fully: gap where bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave the lung

double membraned

in-between the 2 membranes there is a pericardial cavity

45
Q

what does the pericardial cavity do?

A

creates a tiny layer of fluid

helps keep the membranes together

46
Q

what is the outer layer of the plural sac?

A

parietal pleura

fused to ribcage, diaphragm and other local structures

47
Q

what is the inner layer of the plural sac?

A

visceral pleura

continuous with the surface of the lungs

48
Q

what do pleural fluid do?

A

acts as a lubricant to allow lung to move within thorax

maintains lung inflation at rest

49
Q

summary of inspiration

A
  • contraction of inspiratory muscles
  • increase thoracic volume
  • decrease intrapleural pressure
  • increase lung volume
  • decrease alveolar pressure
  • air into lungs
50
Q

summary of expiration

A
  • relaxation of inspiratory muscles
  • decrease thoracic volume
  • increase intrapleural pressure
  • decrease lung volume
  • increase alveolar pressure
  • air out of lungs to functional residual capacity
51
Q

summary of forced expiration

A
  • contraction of expiratory muscles
  • decrease thoracic volume
  • increase intrapleural pressure
  • decrease lung volume
  • increase alveolar pressure
  • air out of lungs below functional residual capacity

Physiology (29 decks)

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