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Clinical Medicine 2 > Lecture 15 (HEENT-Dr. H)-Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 (HEENT-Dr. H)-Exam 4 Flashcards

1
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2
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What does the trochlear and abducens nerve?

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3
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What does the oculomotor nerve?

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4
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What are the actions?

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5
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What is the action?

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7
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Which is structures are tunica fibrosa, tunica vasculosa, and tunica interna?

A
  • Tunica fibrosa: Sclera, cornea
  • Tunica vasculosa: Choroid, cilliary body, iris
  • Tunica interna: Retina, macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc (blind spot), optic nerve
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8
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Tunica fibrosa
* What is it?
* What are the structures (2)

A

Tunica fibrosa — outer fibrous layer
* Sclera: dense, collagenous white of the eye
* Cornea: transparent region of modified sclera in front of eye that admits light

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9
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Tunica vasculosa (uvea)
* What is this?
* What are the structures?

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10
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  • What is the ciliary body?
  • What is the iris?
A

Ciliary body: extension of choroid; a muscular ring around lens
* Supports lens and iris
* Secretes aqueous humor

Iris: colored diaphragm controlling size of pupil (opening)
* If there is a lot of melanin in cells of iris — brown or black eye color
* If there is reduced melanin — blue, green, or gray eye color

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11
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Tunica interna
* What is it?

A

retina and beginning of optic nerve

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12
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13
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What are components transparent elements that admit light, refract light rays, and focus images on retina?

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Cornea, Aqueous humor, Lens, Vitreous body (humor)

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14
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Cornea
* What it is?
* What is the function?

A
  • transparent anterior cover
  • refracts light more than lens does
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15
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Aqueous humor
* What does it do?

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  • Serous fluid secreted by ciliary body into anterior segment
  • Reabsorbed by scleral venous sinus at same rate it is secreted
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16
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Lens
* What is it? What is the fxn/

A
  • Lens fibers — flattened, tightly compressed, transparent cells that form lens
  • Suspended by suspensory ligaments from ciliary body
  • Changes shape to help focus light (Rounded with no tension or flattened with pull of suspensory ligaments
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17
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Vitreous body (humor)
* What is it?

A

Jelly fills space between lens and retina (posterior segment)

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18
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What are the The Neural Components

A

Include retina and optic nerve

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19
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Neural Components: Retina
* Formed from what?
* Attached to what?
* pressed against where?
* Detached retina causes

A
  • Formed from optic vesicle—outgrowth of diencephalon
  • Attached to eye only at optic disc (posterior exit of optic nerve) and ora serrata (anterior edge of retina)
  • Pressed against rear of eyeball by vitreous humor
  • Detached retina causes blurry areas of vision and can lead to blindness
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20
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The Neural Components
* What do you need to examine retina with opthalmoscope

A
  • Macula lutea: patch of cells on visual axis of eye
  • Fovea centralis: pit in center of macula lutea
  • Blood vessels of the retina
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21
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23
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Pupillary Light Reflex: Direct and Consensual Response

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24
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The Near Response
* What are the adjustments?

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  • Convergence of eyes
  • Constriction of pupil
  • Accommodation of lens
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25
Q
  • Convergence of eyes: What happens?
  • Constriction of pupil: What happens?
A

Convergence of eyes
* Eyes orient their visual axis toward object

Constriction of pupil
* Blocks peripheral light rays and reduces spherical aberration (blurry edges)

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26
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Accommodation of lens:
* Change in what?
* What happens?

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27
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Corneal Response
* What is the sensory input and motor output?

A

Sensory Input:
* Trigeminal Ophthalmic (V1)

Motor Output:
* Facial Nerve (VII)
- Orbicularis oculi contraction of both eyes
- Parasympathetic stimulation of lacrimal gland – tear secretion

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28
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29
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What is Astigmatism?

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is caused by incorrect curvature of the eye in one plane. Two different focal distances are produced, depending on the plane on which light enters the eye. Eyeglasses with a cylindrical lens are needed to correct the refraction error of astigmatism.

30
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Sensory Transduction in the Retina
* What does the fovea contain? What is it?

A

The fovea only contains cone cells. High visual acuity at the fovea occurs because most cone cells in the fovea synapse with a single bipolar cell, which in turn synapses with a single ganglion cell to produce very small receptive fields.

31
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Sensory Transduction in the Retina
* isual acuity is much lower where?
* Central vision has what, but what is it poor?

A
  • Visual acuity is much lower at the periphery of the eye because there is a high proportion of rod cells, and many rods converge on each ganglion cell.
  • Central vision has a high resolution but is poor in dim light, whereas peripheral vision has low resolution but allows vision in low light
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34
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The Auditory Tube of an Infant and Adult
* Why is otitis media common in children?

A

(middle-ear infection) is common in children:
* Auditory tube is short and horizontal
* Infections easily spread from throat to tympanic cavity and mastoid air cells

35
Q

Otitis media
* What are the sx?
* What is tympanostomy?

A

Symptoms:
* Fluid accumulates in tympanic cavity producing pressure, pain, and impaired hearing
* Can spread, leading to meningitis
* Can cause fusion of ear ossicles and hearing loss

Tympanostomy:
* lancing tympanic membrane and draining fluid from tympanic cavity

36
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Inner Ear
* What is the labyrinth and cochlea?

A

Labyrinth
* vestibule and three semicircular ducts (equilibrium receptors)

Cochlea
* organ of hearing

37
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Inner Ear
* What is bony labyrinth?
* What is the membranous labyrinth?

A
38
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What are the different components of auditory system?

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39
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Where does high and and low freq go in the cochela?

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40
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Cochlea
* What are the three fluid filled chambers?

A
  • Scala vestibuli: superior chamber
  • Scala tympani: inferior chamber
  • Scala media (cochlear duct): middle chamber
41
Q

Scala vestibuli:
* What chamber?
* Filled with what?
* Begins where?

A

Scala vestibuli: superior chamber
* Filled with perilymph
* Begins at oval window and spirals to apex

42
Q

Scala tympani
* What chamber?
* Filled with what?
* begins where?
* Secondary what?

A

Scala tympani: inferior chamber
* Filled with perilymph
* Begins at apex and ends at round window
* Secondary tympanic membrane: covers round window

43
Q

Scala media (cochlear duct):
* What chamber?
* Filled with what?
* Contains what?
* What is the Spiral Organ of Corti?

A

Scala media (cochlear duct): middle chamber
* Filled with endolymph
* Contains spiral organ
* Spiral Organ of Corti: acoustic organ that converts vibrations into nerve impulses

44
Q

Potassium Channels of the Cochlear Hair Cells

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45
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Explain the mechanotransduction by a hair cell

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46
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Deafness can be characterized as either conductive or sensorineural hearing loss, explain both of them

A
  • Conductive hearing loss can be caused by a defect in any of the sound-conducting structures (e.g., auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, or the middle ear).
  • Sensorineural hearing loss can be a result of a lesion of the inner ear or CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve).
47
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What is the phyio of hearing?

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48
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What is the auditory projection pathway?

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49
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What are the Sensorineural vs Conductive Hearing Loss causes?

A
50
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Equilibrium: Vestibular apparatus
* What are the structures and what do they do?

A
51
Q

What is static and dynamic equilibrium?

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52
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What is the position of macula sacculi and urtculi?

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53
Q
  • The position of the semicircular canals on one side of the head is what?
  • If constant rotation occurs for approximately 30 seconds, what will happen?
A
  • The position of the semicircular canals on one side of the head is the mirror image of those on the other side. In this arrangement, any rotation will cause stimulation on one side and inhibition on the other side, thereby augmenting the vestibular stimulus to the brain.
  • If constant rotation occurs for approximately 30 seconds, the movement of endolymph “catches up” so that the canal and endolymph move together at the same speed. The angular acceleration is now zero, and the cupula is no longer deflected. If a constant rotation is suddenly stopped, inertia causes the endolymph to bend the cupula in the opposite direction, which is accompanied by the sensation of spinning in the opposite direction.
54
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What are the Vestibular Projection Pathways

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55
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What is gustation and olfaction?

A
  • Gustation – taste
  • Olfaction – smell
56
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Olfactory Receptors
* only ones that do what?
* What are the characteristics?

A

Only neurons in the body directly exposed to the external environment

Characterisitcs:
* About 5 cm”
* 10 to 20 million olfactory
cells (neurons)
* Also epithelial supporting cells and basal stem cells
* On average 2,000 to 4,000 odors distinguished

57
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What are the Olfactory Projection Pathways?

A
58
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Olfactory Projection Pathways
* Action potentials reach where?
* What are the secondary destination?

A
  • Action potentials reach primary olfactory cortex in the inferior surface of the temporal lobe
  • Secondary destinations: hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex Identify odors, integrate with taste, evoke memories, emotions, and visceral reactions
59
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What are the different papillae?

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60
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  • What are the 5 primary tastes?
  • Where are taste buds also?
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61
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What are the different type of receptors for taste?

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62
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What is the sensory gustatory pathways/

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63
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What are the different muscles of tongue and inn by?

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64
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What are the different frontal sinus?

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65
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The Pharynx
* What is it?

A

Pharynx (throat) — muscular funnel extending about 5 in. from the choanae to the larynx. Three regions of pharynx

66
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A
  • Posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate
  • Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil
  • 90 downward turn traps large particles (>10 um)
67
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What is Oropharynx?

A
  • Space between soft palate and epiglottis
  • Contains palatine tonsils
68
Q

What is Laryngopharynx?

A
  • Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
  • Esophagus begins at that point
69
Q
  • What does the cricothyroid muscle do? What is it not inn by?
  • What is the cricothyroid?
A

Clinical Medicine 2 (16 decks)

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