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Clinical Medicine 2 > Dr. Houston (Hem/onc)-Exam 1 > Flashcards

Dr. Houston (Hem/onc)-Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood composition? (with percentages)

A
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2
Q

Where is fetal and adult Hb created?

A
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3
Q

What are all the cells in formed elements of blood?

A
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4
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells reside predominately where? How is the stem cells pushed down a lineage?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells reside predominately in the red bone marrow (axial, humerus, hip, epipitis bone) and can be further differentiated into various lineages by a group of cytokines that are collectively called colony- stimulating factors.

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5
Q
  • Platelets come from what?
  • Monocytes turn into what?
A
  • Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes
  • Turns into a macrophage when in tissue
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6
Q

Fill in the growth factors

A
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7
Q

RBC:
What binds reversibly and irreversibly?

A
  • O2 binds reversibly to iron atoms in heme (oxyhemoglobin).
  • CO2 binds reversibly to globin (carbaminohemoglobin).
  • CO binds almost irreversibly
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8
Q

Where do each one bind to:
* Co2:
* O2:

A
  • Co2: globin part
  • O2: heme part
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9
Q

Where can mutations be in RBCs? What does it lead to?

A

Mutations can occur anywhere in the five gene loci resulting in the production of abnormal Hgb molecules leading to hemoglobinopathies:
* sickle cell anemia
* thalassemias

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10
Q

What is the pathway if a person is hypoxemia?

A
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11
Q

What is the lineage of forming RBC?

A
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12
Q

What are the precursors of RBCs?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Iron
  • Folic acid
  • Vit B12: absorbed by intrinsic factor and if low->pernicious anemia
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13
Q

How is red blood cells broken down?

A
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14
Q

What are the three RBC diseases d/t change in size?

A
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15
Q

What are the three RBC diseases d/t change in shape?

A
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16
Q

What are the three RBC diseases d/t change in color?

A
17
Q

What are the three RBC diseases d/t being immuture cells?

A
18
Q

What are the four RBC diseases d/t other issues?

A
19
Q

What are the steps after blood vessel trauma?

A
20
Q

What is the precursor cell of RBC?

A

Recticular cell

21
Q

Where cells are common myeloid progenitor cells and which ones are common lymphoid progenitor?

A
22
Q
  • What is the avg lifespan of platelets?
  • What happens to many of them?
  • What pushes cells to make platelets?
A
  • Platelets have an average lifespan of 7-10 days, but many of them are immediately consumed as they participate in day-to-day hemostasis
  • IL-3, IL-6, IL-11, thrombopoietin
23
Q
  • Several factors stimulate megakaryocytes to release platelets within the bone marrow sinusoids. This includes the what? What does this cause?
  • What is the importance of platelets?
A
  • Several factors stimulate megakaryocytes to release platelets within the bone marrow sinusoids. This includes the hormone thrombopoietin, which is mainly generated by the liver and the kidneys and released in response to low numbers of circulating platelets.
  • Platelets have no nucleus but possess important proteins, nucleotide, and other factors, which are stored in intracellular granules and secreted when platelets are activated during platelet aggregation in response to vascular injury.
24
Q

What are the steps of blood clot?

A
25
Q

Hemostasis-Vascular spasm
* What happens? What does it protect against?
* What are causes?

A
26
Q

What are the effects of hemostasis-vascular spasm?

A
27
Q

Platelet plug formation
* Intact vessels have what?
* Broken vessel exposes what?
* What sticks to damaged vessles? What happens next?

A
  • Intact vessels have a smooth endothelium coated with prostagcylin (platelet repellant
  • Broken vessel exposes collagen
  • Platelet pseduopods stick to damaged vessel and other platelets
  • Pseduopods contract-draw together a platelet plug
28
Q

Platelets degranulate releasing a variety of substances
* What are they and what do they do?

A
29
Q

Platelet plug formation is what type of cycle?

A

Positive feedback cycle is active until break in small vessel is sealed

30
Q

Coagulation
* What step is this?
* Conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into what?
* Procoagulants (clotting factors)—usually produced where? Where are they present?
* What happens when you activate on factor?

A
31
Q

What is the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

A

Extrinsic pathway
* Factors released by damaged tissues begin cascade

Intrinsic pathway
* Factors found in blood begin cascade (platelet degranulation)

32
Q

What are the pathways of coagulation?

A
33
Q
A
34
Q

What are the three phases of coagulation?

A
35
Q

The Fate of Blood Clots
* Clot retraction occurs when?
* What is secreted? What happens?

A
36
Q

The Fate of Blood Clots
* What does fibrinolysis do? (2)

A

Clinical Medicine 2 (16 decks)

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