Lecture 15: Disease of the Upper RT 1 (Specht) Flashcards
sneezing is a sign of:
nasal or nasopharynx problem
infectious agents involved in feline URI
most common: -feline herpes virus (FHV-1) -feline calicivirus (FCV) less common: -chlamydiophila felis -Bordatella bronchiseptica -mycoplasma spp. *combos of viral and bacterial infection possible
How is feline URI spread? signalment?
spread: contact w/ actively infected cats, carrier cats, fomites
signal: young, old, immunosuppressed
T/F: cats can be latent carriers for wks to yrs after resolution of URI
TRUE
Feline URI CS*
sneeze, nasal d/c, conjunctivitis w/ ocular d/c
specific CS assoc. with FRV**
cornal ulceration
specific CS assoc. with FCV**
oral ulceration
specific CS assoc. iwth chlamydiophila**
conjunctivitis
3 most common agents of feline URI**
FRV, FCV, chlamydiophila
CS of CHRONIC feline URI
- nasal d/c
- irreversible damage to mucosa/turbinates
- 2ary bacterial infection common
feline URI dx based on:
- usually presumptive based on history/CS
- PCR
- chronic rhinitis
feline URI acute sign tx:
- supportive tx: nutrition, fuids, suction, nebulization, pediatric nasal decongestants
- abx RARELY needed (unless bact. infection suspected)
- DON’T use corticosteroids (makes bact. inf. worse, increases shedding of virus)
- good prognosis
feline URI chronic sign tx:
same as acute tx, but for long-term
-cure unlikely
supposed effects of lysine
increases risk of contracting and increases duration of URI
feline URI prevention
- avoid exposure
- vaccinate for FCV/FRV
T/F: chronic URIs less contagious thanacute
T
majority of nasal tumors are malignant/non-malignant
malignant
which nasal tumors most common in dogs?
carcinomas
which nasal tumors most common in cats?
adenocarcinoma, lymphoma
which nasal tumors occur in both dogs and cats?
fibrosarcomas, sarcomas
trans-veneral nasal tumors common in endemic areas
:)
nasal tumors more common in old/young?
old
CS of nasal tumors
- nasal discharge (often unilateral)
- sneezing
- dec. airflow
- face deformation
- weight loss, anorexia
nasal tumor dx
- rads
- CT (better)
- cytology and/or histo for definitive dx
nasal tumor tx
- sx excision of benign tumors
- malignant tumors:
- radiation 1st choice**
- sx excision
- chemo
- adjunctive tx (analgesics, NSAIDs, Abx)
nasal tumor prognosis
- poor w/o tx
- survival about 1 yr with radiation
nasopharyngeal polyps
- benign
- kittens/young cats**
- attached to base of Eustachian tube and can grow up into ear, pharynx, nasal cavity
CS of nasopharyngeal polyps
- stertor
- nasal d/c
- upper airway obstruction
- neuro signs possible: Horner’s syndrome, head tilt, nystagmus
Dx/Tx/prognosis of nasopharyng. polyps
Dx: -otic exam -rads -oropharyngeal exam* -nasopharyngoscopy* -histo Tx: sx excision usually curative Prog: excellent if entirely removed
types of fungal rhinitis
- aspergillosis (mostly dogs, doesn’t cause mass)
- cryptococcosis (mostly cats, does cause mass)
- penicillium rhinosporidium, sporothrix other causative agents
most common systemic fungal disease in cats**
nasal cryptococcosis
CS of fungal rhinitis
- sneezing
- nasal d/c +/- blood
- granulomatous lesions, facial deformity, ulceration possible
nasal crypto dx and tx
Dx: -cytology of nasal discharge* -serology for Ag* -histo Tx: -systemic fluconazole, itraconazole at least 1-2 months PAST resolution of CS* -resistance to anti-fungal can develop -normally good response to tx
what kind of dog nasal aspergillosis most common in?
- young/middle age
- immunocompetent
- dolichocephalic or mesocephalic
- German shepherds
Nasal aspergillosis CS
- nasal d/c
- nasal pain
- ulceration of external nares (which is also present in cancer, severe rhinitis)
Dx/Tx of nasal aspergillosis
Dx:
- false + or - from Ab serology, cytology, histopathology, and cultures
- skull rads and/or CT
- rhinoscopy allows direct visualization**
- must combine info from various tests*
Tx of nasal aspergillosis
topical clotrimazole, enilconazole applied inside nose with catheters or flushed through frontal sinus (high success rate)
bacterial rhinitis common/uncommon as primary nasal disease***
uncommon. Very common as 2ary complication of other nasal dz!!
which bacteria CAN act as primary pathogens?
Bordatella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia
lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
- inflammatory condition likely caused by inhaled allergens or autoimmune origin
- rare
- char. by chronic nasal discharge +/- sneezing
- histopath. can miss true underlyin disease such as tumor/granuloma
- Tx w/ corticosteroids +/- short-term Abx
tooth root abcesses and oronasal fistulas are usually concurrent with obvious dental dz or visible fistula
:)
most common source of foreign bodies causing nasal dz
plant material, quill
CS assoc. with congenital abnormalities causing nasal dz
dysphagia
allergic rhinitis
-uncommon manifestation of allergy
CS: sneeze, nasal d/c, can be seasonal
Dx: respond to removal of allergen, eosinophilic inflamm. in nasal biopsy
Tx: remove allergen, antihistamines, corticosteroids, hyposensitization?
