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Biology of H+B - EXAM 2 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Morality was co-opted by _____________ and _____________ and they believed that it sprang from ______

A

philosophers and psychologists; reason

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2
Q

____ and _______ studied development of ____ _________ in children

A

Kant and Piaget; moral reasoning

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3
Q

Primatologists were not helpful in defining morality because they had been persuaded by __. __. ________ that the discussion of emotion in ______ was ______________

A

B. F. Skinner; animals; anthropomorphism

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4
Q

The change in our study/view of morality is due to ________ _____

A

Jonathan Haidt

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5
Q

Haidt was interested in the emotion of ______

A

disgust

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6
Q

Haidt recounted 2 stories:

and everyone agreed that these were ____, but no one could explain ___ because no on had been ________

A

Story 1: family that cooked and ate dog after he died
Story 2: woman who cleaned her toilet with the American flag
wrong; why; injured

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7
Q

Haidt argued that if you can’t _______ the ____ for your ____ ______, then it can’t be coming from ______

A

explain; basis; moral reasoning; reason

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8
Q

Haidt says there are 2 types of moral judgement:

A

Type 1: moral intuition

Type 2: moral reasoning

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9
Q

Define moral intuition

A

comes from the unconscious mind and is made instantly

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10
Q

define moral reasoning

A

is a slower, after-the-fact process that is governed by the conscious mind, intellect

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11
Q

Moral intuition and moral reasoning come from different ____ of the ____ - the intuitive part is ______

A

parts of the brain; genetic

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12
Q

We are accustomed to using Type __ moral judgement but don’t always use Type __ and when we do, we come up with ______ that don’t always ___ _____

A

1; 2; reasons; make sense

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13
Q

There is ___ specific acquisition of moral thinking and this also suggests its _____ foundation

A

age; genetic

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14
Q

Children develop a mental list of ___________ actions

A

prohibited

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15
Q

by age 3, children can ____ concepts of ____ and ___ _____

A

apply; good and bad actions

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16
Q

By age 3-6 children can feel ____ if the standard is ________

A

guilt; violated

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17
Q

Children everywhere follow the same ________ of moral thinking ___________

A

sequence; acquisition

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18
Q

Moral sense develops over ____

A

time

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19
Q

Moral sense/thinking is part of the ________ that ______ do for their children during their _____________ process

A

teaching; parents; developmental

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20
Q

Moral _______ developed before moral _________, we know this because _____ _______ has clear roots in other ______

A

intuition; reasoning; moral intuition; species

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21
Q

Moral reasoning likely developed after ________ __________ to help use explain our ____ _______ - and this might explain why _______ stopped at the _______ stage

A

language acquisition; moral thinking; animals; intuition

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22
Q

A ________ basis for morality is also evident in ____ studies

A

biological; brain

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23
Q

Damage to the prefrontal cortex results in __________ behavior and poor __________

A

antisocial; judgement

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24
Q

Phineas Gage was in a railroad working accident and damage to his ________ ______ caused him to go from hardworking and responsible to _______, _____, and ___________

A

prefrontal cortex; profane, impatient, and disrespectful

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25
Q

In the trolley problem where the choices are to divert the train and kill 1 person or not divert it and the train will kill 5 people, ___%, aka ____ people, agree that it is morally right to divert the train

A

90% aka most

26
Q

If the trolley problem is manipulated and you have to push an overweight man off a bridge to stop the train from killing 5 people, ___% of people say that it is the right choice to push the fat man.

A

10%

27
Q

70% of people were unable to explain ___ it was ok in the first scenario to kill one person but not it the second, showing that it is just _______ moral reasoning

A

why; intuitive

28
Q

Define the “contact” principle

A

the closer you are to the situation, or more ‘physical’ contact you have, the more it concerns you and vice versa

29
Q

Define the intention principle

A

an intentional act that results in harm is not okay, but a non-intentional act that does is okay

30
Q

Define the action principle

A

harm caused by an action is worse than harm caused by omission

31
Q

What is the utility of having a 2 part (intuition and reasoning) morality system?

A

It is good to have an intuitive moral compass to permit rapid action but later you can reflect upon the process after the crisis situation has passed

32
Q

Intuition morality is good for example out on the _________ to make ____-_______ decisions, but later you can compare the outcome to _____ ____, and decide whether the intuitive ______ align with group _____

A

savannah; split-second; group values; action; morals

33
Q

Social fabric is stronger if everyone has an _________ understanding of what is _____ and _____

A

intuitive; right and wrong

34
Q

________ ______ argued that social behavior arose as a defense against _______

A

Charles Darwin; predators

35
Q

In order to _______ you have to ________ the chaos, and ______ _______ are derived from this.

A

survive; organize; social instincts

36
Q

Human social instincts are the same as animals except that humans add 2 things:

A

1) a desire to be admired by peers

2) remorse, repentance, regret, and shame for wrongdoing

37
Q

Charles Darwin said: “a moral being is one who is capable of _________ on his past _____ and their _________ - of ____________ some and ____________ of others”

A

reflecting; actions; motives; approving; disapproving

38
Q

Darwin’s ideas were largely ________ in his time, because people did not want to ____ the line of _______ that separated ______ and ______

A

dismissed; blue; morality; humans and animals

39
Q

Darwin viewed social behavior not as a _________ but as a __________; other thinkers did not agree that _______ __________ shaped morality or that if it was genetic it must have been some sort of _________ for some other process that was selected for

A

dichotomy; continuum; natural selection; byproduct

40
Q

During Darwin’s time, the researchers hated ________________ needed to impute moral behavior to animals

A

anthropomorphism

41
Q

________ ___________ was the first biologist (after the publication of Sociobiology by E.O. Wilson) to resume study of _______ in a __________ context

A

Richard Alexander; morality; biological

42
Q

Alexander argued that _________ usually live in small groups and ____ usually live in herds. Humans break this rule because the main predator of humans is _______, so the ________ pressures on humans are __________

A

predators; prey; humans; selective; different

43
Q

What are the effects of incessant warfare throughout human history?

  • greater _____ complexity
  • greater ___________
  • greater ___-________ because of greater _________
A

social; intelligence; self-restraint; bellicosity

44
Q

only in humans is the major ______ force other ________ of the ____ ______

A

hostile; members; same species

45
Q

Moral system encodes group _______ to facilitate ability to _______ with other human groups

A

cohesion; compete

46
Q

A definition of morality that takes ______ info account:
“we understand morality as a sense of right and wrong that is born out of group-wide systems of conflict management based on shared values. Moral systems thus provide a set of rules and incentives to resolve competition and conflicts within the group in the service of the greater good”

A

biology

47
Q

benefits to __________ derive from ____ benefits of _______ distribution and _________ _____

A

individuals; group; resource distribution and collective action

48
Q

We ________ the moral _______ process from _________

A

inherited; intuitive; primates

49
Q

Moral reasoning evolved with ________ to ______ one’s ______ to the group, maintain __________

A

neocortex; justify; actions; reputation

50
Q

small groups are prone to ______ and it’s a useful function

A

gossip

51
Q

Humans maintain elaborate ‘___________’ about our behavior, and so our behavior is curbed by need for group ___________, because if you are “___”, your _________ is in jeopardy

A

scorecards; acceptance; out; survival

52
Q

Fear of _________ solidified into an imperative

A

dissaproval

53
Q

some unique human behaviors that came from fear of disapproval are ________ to suggest our ability to show ____ and ________ are important to our ____________

A

blushing; shame and remorse; evolution

54
Q

there is adaptive value of broadcasting __________ over transgressing _____ _____ to group

A

discomfort; social rules

55
Q

moral grammar is ________ and _______ in humans

A

universal and genetic

56
Q

humans big brains allowed us to ____ for _________, and so individuals could calculate actions that would be in _____ ___ interest and might _______ or ___________ group standards, so a new ‘enforcement device’ was needed to maintain social cohesion, and this was ______

A

think for ourselves; their own; violate or undermine; religion

57
Q

religion codified the _____ _____ and provided an ___________ mechanism

A

moral codes; enforcement

58
Q

humans have an ________ sense of morality as well as a ________ sense of morality

A

intuitive; rational

59
Q

We can concoct scenarios that challenge our sense of ______ - such as the ______ ___ ___________

A

morality; trolley car experiments

60
Q

________ also have an ______ sense of morality

A

animals; intuitive

61
Q

It is likely humans ________ a _______ sense of morality as a need to _____ on behavior and ensure their behaviors were _________ with the group ____/_____

A

evolved; rational; reflect; consistent; ethics/morals

Biology of H+B - EXAM 2 (2 decks)

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