Lecture 15 Flashcards
Morality was co-opted by _____________ and _____________ and they believed that it sprang from ______
philosophers and psychologists; reason
____ and _______ studied development of ____ _________ in children
Kant and Piaget; moral reasoning
Primatologists were not helpful in defining morality because they had been persuaded by __. __. ________ that the discussion of emotion in ______ was ______________
B. F. Skinner; animals; anthropomorphism
The change in our study/view of morality is due to ________ _____
Jonathan Haidt
Haidt was interested in the emotion of ______
disgust
Haidt recounted 2 stories:
and everyone agreed that these were ____, but no one could explain ___ because no on had been ________
Story 1: family that cooked and ate dog after he died
Story 2: woman who cleaned her toilet with the American flag
wrong; why; injured
Haidt argued that if you can’t _______ the ____ for your ____ ______, then it can’t be coming from ______
explain; basis; moral reasoning; reason
Haidt says there are 2 types of moral judgement:
Type 1: moral intuition
Type 2: moral reasoning
Define moral intuition
comes from the unconscious mind and is made instantly
define moral reasoning
is a slower, after-the-fact process that is governed by the conscious mind, intellect
Moral intuition and moral reasoning come from different ____ of the ____ - the intuitive part is ______
parts of the brain; genetic
We are accustomed to using Type __ moral judgement but don’t always use Type __ and when we do, we come up with ______ that don’t always ___ _____
1; 2; reasons; make sense
There is ___ specific acquisition of moral thinking and this also suggests its _____ foundation
age; genetic
Children develop a mental list of ___________ actions
prohibited
by age 3, children can ____ concepts of ____ and ___ _____
apply; good and bad actions
By age 3-6 children can feel ____ if the standard is ________
guilt; violated
Children everywhere follow the same ________ of moral thinking ___________
sequence; acquisition
Moral sense develops over ____
time
Moral sense/thinking is part of the ________ that ______ do for their children during their _____________ process
teaching; parents; developmental
Moral _______ developed before moral _________, we know this because _____ _______ has clear roots in other ______
intuition; reasoning; moral intuition; species
Moral reasoning likely developed after ________ __________ to help use explain our ____ _______ - and this might explain why _______ stopped at the _______ stage
language acquisition; moral thinking; animals; intuition
A ________ basis for morality is also evident in ____ studies
biological; brain
Damage to the prefrontal cortex results in __________ behavior and poor __________
antisocial; judgement
Phineas Gage was in a railroad working accident and damage to his ________ ______ caused him to go from hardworking and responsible to _______, _____, and ___________
prefrontal cortex; profane, impatient, and disrespectful
In the trolley problem where the choices are to divert the train and kill 1 person or not divert it and the train will kill 5 people, ___%, aka ____ people, agree that it is morally right to divert the train
90% aka most
If the trolley problem is manipulated and you have to push an overweight man off a bridge to stop the train from killing 5 people, ___% of people say that it is the right choice to push the fat man.
10%
70% of people were unable to explain ___ it was ok in the first scenario to kill one person but not it the second, showing that it is just _______ moral reasoning
why; intuitive
Define the “contact” principle
the closer you are to the situation, or more ‘physical’ contact you have, the more it concerns you and vice versa
Define the intention principle
an intentional act that results in harm is not okay, but a non-intentional act that does is okay
Define the action principle
harm caused by an action is worse than harm caused by omission
What is the utility of having a 2 part (intuition and reasoning) morality system?
It is good to have an intuitive moral compass to permit rapid action but later you can reflect upon the process after the crisis situation has passed
Intuition morality is good for example out on the _________ to make ____-_______ decisions, but later you can compare the outcome to _____ ____, and decide whether the intuitive ______ align with group _____
savannah; split-second; group values; action; morals
Social fabric is stronger if everyone has an _________ understanding of what is _____ and _____
intuitive; right and wrong
________ ______ argued that social behavior arose as a defense against _______
Charles Darwin; predators
In order to _______ you have to ________ the chaos, and ______ _______ are derived from this.
survive; organize; social instincts
Human social instincts are the same as animals except that humans add 2 things:
1) a desire to be admired by peers
2) remorse, repentance, regret, and shame for wrongdoing
Charles Darwin said: “a moral being is one who is capable of _________ on his past _____ and their _________ - of ____________ some and ____________ of others”
reflecting; actions; motives; approving; disapproving
Darwin’s ideas were largely ________ in his time, because people did not want to ____ the line of _______ that separated ______ and ______
dismissed; blue; morality; humans and animals
Darwin viewed social behavior not as a _________ but as a __________; other thinkers did not agree that _______ __________ shaped morality or that if it was genetic it must have been some sort of _________ for some other process that was selected for
dichotomy; continuum; natural selection; byproduct
During Darwin’s time, the researchers hated ________________ needed to impute moral behavior to animals
anthropomorphism
________ ___________ was the first biologist (after the publication of Sociobiology by E.O. Wilson) to resume study of _______ in a __________ context
Richard Alexander; morality; biological
Alexander argued that _________ usually live in small groups and ____ usually live in herds. Humans break this rule because the main predator of humans is _______, so the ________ pressures on humans are __________
predators; prey; humans; selective; different
What are the effects of incessant warfare throughout human history?
- greater _____ complexity
- greater ___________
- greater ___-________ because of greater _________
social; intelligence; self-restraint; bellicosity
only in humans is the major ______ force other ________ of the ____ ______
hostile; members; same species
Moral system encodes group _______ to facilitate ability to _______ with other human groups
cohesion; compete
A definition of morality that takes ______ info account:
“we understand morality as a sense of right and wrong that is born out of group-wide systems of conflict management based on shared values. Moral systems thus provide a set of rules and incentives to resolve competition and conflicts within the group in the service of the greater good”
biology
benefits to __________ derive from ____ benefits of _______ distribution and _________ _____
individuals; group; resource distribution and collective action
We ________ the moral _______ process from _________
inherited; intuitive; primates
Moral reasoning evolved with ________ to ______ one’s ______ to the group, maintain __________
neocortex; justify; actions; reputation
small groups are prone to ______ and it’s a useful function
gossip
Humans maintain elaborate ‘___________’ about our behavior, and so our behavior is curbed by need for group ___________, because if you are “___”, your _________ is in jeopardy
scorecards; acceptance; out; survival
Fear of _________ solidified into an imperative
dissaproval
some unique human behaviors that came from fear of disapproval are ________ to suggest our ability to show ____ and ________ are important to our ____________
blushing; shame and remorse; evolution
there is adaptive value of broadcasting __________ over transgressing _____ _____ to group
discomfort; social rules
moral grammar is ________ and _______ in humans
universal and genetic
humans big brains allowed us to ____ for _________, and so individuals could calculate actions that would be in _____ ___ interest and might _______ or ___________ group standards, so a new ‘enforcement device’ was needed to maintain social cohesion, and this was ______
think for ourselves; their own; violate or undermine; religion
religion codified the _____ _____ and provided an ___________ mechanism
moral codes; enforcement
humans have an ________ sense of morality as well as a ________ sense of morality
intuitive; rational
We can concoct scenarios that challenge our sense of ______ - such as the ______ ___ ___________
morality; trolley car experiments
________ also have an ______ sense of morality
animals; intuitive
It is likely humans ________ a _______ sense of morality as a need to _____ on behavior and ensure their behaviors were _________ with the group ____/_____
evolved; rational; reflect; consistent; ethics/morals
