Lecture 14 Flashcards
Define morality
principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
Which came first, morality or religion?
morality
morality is partially ______
genetic
Morality shows firm _____________ roots in other ___________ such as ____, ________, and _________
evolutionary; organisms; dogs, primates, and elephants
What are the 4 parts of morality?
empathy, reciprocity, compassion, conflict avoidance
Morality (or moral instinct) is often conflated with _______, but they are different entities
religion
________ is older than _______
morality; religion
Lots of ________ societies develop ____ for regulating ___ _______
animal; rules; self interest
________/_____ show ________ for compassion, empathy, and sense of reciprocity
monkeys/apes; evidence
________ experiments show _______ have a sense of ______
Feeding; primates; justice
Morality is an organizing principle in _______ ______
animal society
Morality is a _______ of _______ as currently practiced, but ___________ seperately
function; religion; originated
Morality does not originate from _______ or the _______ _____, rather it is hard wired into our ________ ‘_________’
religion; human mind; genetic ‘circuitry’
According to _. _. ______: “The time has come for ______ to be removed temporarily from the hands of the ____________ and ___________”
E.O. Wilson; ethics; philosophers; biologicized
There is evidence for a _______ origin of morality in ______ studies
genetic; primate
_______ between groups of primates is common
conflict
Chimpanzees are _________ and patrol boundaries for __________, and ___ and non-____ males they find, and even sometimes lead _____ _____ into _____________ territory
territorial; intruders; kill; non-group; lethal raids; neighboors
Female chimpanzees understand the _______ posed by some of the male chimps behaviors, that if the males are killed or maimed they are left ___________. This gives them motivation to reduce _______ and so ___________ and ___________ are part of the females skillset
danger; undefended; warfare; reconciliation and peacemaking
Female chimps are sometimes seen to take ____ and other _________ out of _____ chimps hands to prevent ________
stones and other weapons; male; fighting
define empathy
ability to perceive emotions of others
In 1963 ______ __________ conducted an experiment with ______ _________ where they could get ____ from a machine but it meant other ________ would be _______
Jules Masserman; rhesus macaques; food; monkey; shocked
In Masserman’s experiment, the first monkeys _______ themselves for ___-___ days to ____ to another monkey
starved; 5-12 days; prevent harm
Chimps and Bonobos will ______ loser of fight by _________ victim, ______, and other ________ behaviors
console; stroking; crying; calming
Chimps will try to save others chimps _______ even though they can’t ____
drowning; swim
There is evidence that ______ and ______ have the ability to learn ______ _____
primates and humans; moral rules
infant monkeys are given lots of ________ but learn to respect ____ and _____ of ________ chimps as they grow
independence; food and space; dominant
nondominant animals learn ____________ gestures like _____ _____
appeasement; baring teeth
primates demonstrate a sense of __________ that is not unlike the human concept of _______
reciprocity; justice
There is experimental evidence that monkeys don’t like being ______
cheated
Capuchin monkeys love ____ but tolerate _________
grapes; cucumbers
If one monkey is reward for a task with a _____ and the other gets a __________ for the same task, the second monkey is more likely to ____ the task/reward if they could see the other get the ‘better’ reward
grape; cucumber; shun
In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, the monkeys completed the task ___% of the time IF they were ________ equally
90; rewarded
In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, what was the evidence that they monkeys were not just greedy?
If both partners got cucumbers or if they were shown grapes and got cucumbers, they were still happy as long as the other partner got the same reward
In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, the monkeys were just as likely to hand over rock regardless of what reward they received in the previous round, showing ____ not ___________
envy; frustration
In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, monkeys became _________ if they other monkey was rewarded for __ doing ____ - showing, like _______, monkeys don’t like ___________
indignant; not doing work; humans; freeloaders
In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, if one monkey had to hand over 3 rocks while partner handed over only 1, ______ rate went ___.
refusal rate went up
________ is monitored by monkeys, and they respond poorly to _______ _________
justice; unequal rewards
Primates clearly show all __ ___________ for _______
4 predicators; morality
_________ have the ability to learn _____ _____
primates; social rules
