Lecture 14

Question 1

Define morality

Answer 1

principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior

Question 2

Which came first, morality or religion?

Answer 2

morality

Question 3

morality is partially ______

Answer 3

genetic

Question 4

Morality shows firm _____________ roots in other ___________ such as ____, ________, and _________

Answer 4

evolutionary; organisms; dogs, primates, and elephants

Question 5

What are the 4 parts of morality?

Answer 5

empathy, reciprocity, compassion, conflict avoidance

Question 6

Morality (or moral instinct) is often conflated with _______, but they are different entities

Answer 6

religion

Question 7

________ is older than _______

Answer 7

morality; religion

Question 8

Lots of ________ societies develop ____ for regulating ___ _______

Answer 8

animal; rules; self interest

Question 9

________/_____ show ________ for compassion, empathy, and sense of reciprocity

Answer 9

monkeys/apes; evidence

Question 10

________ experiments show _______ have a sense of ______

Answer 10

Feeding; primates; justice

Question 11

Morality is an organizing principle in _______ ______

Answer 11

animal society

Question 12

Morality is a _______ of _______ as currently practiced, but ___________ seperately

Answer 12

function; religion; originated

Question 13

Morality does not originate from _______ or the _______ _____, rather it is hard wired into our ________ ‘_________’

Answer 13

religion; human mind; genetic ‘circuitry’

Question 14

According to _. _. ______: “The time has come for ______ to be removed temporarily from the hands of the ____________ and ___________”

Answer 14

E.O. Wilson; ethics; philosophers; biologicized

Question 15

There is evidence for a _______ origin of morality in ______ studies

Answer 15

genetic; primate

Question 16

_______ between groups of primates is common

Answer 16

conflict

Question 17

Chimpanzees are _________ and patrol boundaries for __________, and ___ and non-____ males they find, and even sometimes lead _____ _____ into _____________ territory

Answer 17

territorial; intruders; kill; non-group; lethal raids; neighboors

Question 18

Female chimpanzees understand the _______ posed by some of the male chimps behaviors, that if the males are killed or maimed they are left ___________. This gives them motivation to reduce _______ and so ___________ and ___________ are part of the females skillset

Answer 18

danger; undefended; warfare; reconciliation and peacemaking

Question 19

Female chimps are sometimes seen to take ____ and other _________ out of _____ chimps hands to prevent ________

Answer 19

stones and other weapons; male; fighting

Question 20

define empathy

Answer 20

ability to perceive emotions of others

Question 21

In 1963 ______ __________ conducted an experiment with ______ _________ where they could get ____ from a machine but it meant other ________ would be _______

Answer 21

Jules Masserman; rhesus macaques; food; monkey; shocked

Question 22

In Masserman’s experiment, the first monkeys _______ themselves for ___-___ days to ____ to another monkey

Answer 22

starved; 5-12 days; prevent harm

Question 23

Chimps and Bonobos will ______ loser of fight by _________ victim, ______, and other ________ behaviors

Answer 23

console; stroking; crying; calming

Question 24

Chimps will try to save others chimps _______ even though they can’t ____

Answer 24

drowning; swim

Question 25

There is evidence that ______ and ______ have the ability to learn ______ _____

Answer 25

primates and humans; moral rules

Question 26

infant monkeys are given lots of ________ but learn to respect ____ and _____ of ________ chimps as they grow

Answer 26

independence; food and space; dominant

Question 27

nondominant animals learn ____________ gestures like _____ _____

Answer 27

appeasement; baring teeth

Question 28

primates demonstrate a sense of __________ that is not unlike the human concept of _______

Answer 28

reciprocity; justice

Question 29

There is experimental evidence that monkeys don’t like being ______

Answer 29

cheated

Question 30

Capuchin monkeys love ____ but tolerate _________

Answer 30

grapes; cucumbers

Question 31

If one monkey is reward for a task with a _____ and the other gets a __________ for the same task, the second monkey is more likely to ____ the task/reward if they could see the other get the ‘better’ reward

Answer 31

grape; cucumber; shun

Question 32

In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, the monkeys completed the task ___% of the time IF they were ________ equally

Answer 32

90; rewarded

Question 33

In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, what was the evidence that they monkeys were not just greedy?

Answer 33

If both partners got cucumbers or if they were shown grapes and got cucumbers, they were still happy as long as the other partner got the same reward

Question 34

In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, the monkeys were just as likely to hand over rock regardless of what reward they received in the previous round, showing ____ not ___________

Answer 34

envy; frustration

Question 35

In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, monkeys became _________ if they other monkey was rewarded for __ doing ____ - showing, like _______, monkeys don’t like ___________

Answer 35

indignant; not doing work; humans; freeloaders

Question 36

In the grape/cucumber reward experiment, if one monkey had to hand over 3 rocks while partner handed over only 1, ______ rate went ___.

Answer 36

refusal rate went up

Question 37

________ is monitored by monkeys, and they respond poorly to _______ _________

Answer 37

justice; unequal rewards

Question 38

Primates clearly show all __ ___________ for _______

Answer 38

4 predicators; morality

Question 39

_________ have the ability to learn _____ _____

Answer 39

primates; social rules