lecture 15-17 (Regulation of Eukaryotic cell cycle control and cell division) Flashcards

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1
Q

when cells divide too quickly before reaching its optimum size the daughter cells will become:

A

too small to stay alive

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2
Q

when the cell grow too large before cell division this will cause:

A

an increase number of cells (improper function)

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3
Q

True or False: cells divide all the time

A

false, only when needed

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4
Q

an example of a cell that continuously divides:

A

cells lining the intestine

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5
Q

example of a cell that never divides:

A

nerve cells

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6
Q

how do cells communicate?

A

using signalling molecules which is induced by the cell receptor

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7
Q

what is the function of cell signal?

A

makes cells respond in different ways and makes it divide

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8
Q

when does a cell turn cancerous?

A

when the cell losses the comunication and divides without command

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9
Q

what is the function of signalling pathway?

A

regulate gene expression, Cytoskeletal organisation and metabolism

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10
Q

what are main events in cell cycle?

A

1) s-phase: chromosomes are duplicated (DNA)
2) M-phase: chromosomal distribution

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11
Q

what is the result of cell division before proper DNA replication?

A

one daughter cell will have less chromosomes

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12
Q

how does the cell control chromosome replication and segregation?

A

by check points that prevent the initiation of the following step unless the earlier step have been completed.

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13
Q

DNA replication is initiated when ____ is activiated

A

cdk2 & cyclin A

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14
Q

what is the function of cyclin D + cdk 4 & 6?

A

regulates Rb which inactivates the E2F by binding with

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15
Q

why is E2F important?

A

because it transcrip many genes required for G1, S, & M phase

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16
Q

what is the function of cyclin E and CDK 2?

A

Cyclin E/CDK2 phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein (Rb) to promote G1 progression.&raquo_space;> activate postive feedback from E2F

17
Q

when E2F is activated it produces which cyclin:

A

cyclin E
cyclin A
cyclin B

18
Q

True or False: CDK are protein and cyclin are enzymes

A

false, cyclin are protein and CDK are enzymes

19
Q

what is the relation between the activity of Rb and E2F transcription factor?

A

when Rb is activited it will inactive E2F but when Rb is phosphorlated it will inactive and active E2F transcription

20
Q

what is the function of cdk inhibitors (p15/p16/p21/p27)?

A

it blocks the cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase

21
Q

where does the cyclin and cdk of the s phase accumlate?

A

in the G1 phase

22
Q

in G1 phase what happens to cdk 2 (s phase cdk)

A

it will bound to an inhibitor that will be destructed to initiate the s-phase

23
Q

how does the inhibitors degrade?

A

it will be phosphorylated by cyclin E - CDK2 and degraded by proteasome

24
Q

what is the name of the s-phase inhibitor in yeast?

A

Sic 1

25
Q

True or False: the initiation factors cannot initiate when phosphorylated

A

TRUE

26
Q

The activation of ———- causes the initiation factors to become unphosphorylated giving it function

A

cdc 14 phosphatase

27
Q

__________ triggers degradation of cyclin B

A

APC/C-Cdh1

28
Q

what is the function of CDC25 enzyme?

A

activate M-CDK by removing the inhibitory phosphates (cannot happen unless DNA replicates

29
Q

which phase will the M phase-promoting factor (MPF) be activated?

A

at the end of S-phase

30
Q

APC/C and cdc20 complex causes:

A

the degradation of securin and the release of separase to breakdown cohesion ring

31
Q

APC/C and cdh1 complex causes:

A

the degradation of cyclin B to complete mitosis (M-phase)

32
Q

what is the function of Mitotic cyclin and CDK:

A

phosphorylate many proteins to progress in mitosis

33
Q

function of cdc 14

A

dephosphorylate all phosphorylated proteins in mitosis

34
Q

______ and ________ are proteins that activates in the site of damage for repair.

A

ATM and ATR

35
Q

cycling of MPF (mitosis) activity in Xenopus egg depends on:

A

the synthesis and degradation of cyclin B