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PSYC3387 Behavioral Neuroendocrinoloy > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

requirements of mammals

A
  • vertebrates
  • neocortex
  • fur or hair
  • 3 middle ear bones
  • mammary glands for feeding young (maternal behavior seen in 100% of mammalian species due to the production of milk)
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2
Q

requirements of marsupials

A
  • most marsupial mothers have a front pouch
  • contains multiple teats
  • lack a placenta
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3
Q

marsupial maternal behavior: kangaroos

A
  • highlight altricial young, resemble embryos
  • stays in pouch feeding for about 9 months
  • after leaving pouch it will return to be fed or carried
  • embryonic diapause
  • capable of producing multiple types of milk at the same time
  • do not provide extensive maternal care (pouch provides)
  • grooming
  • don’t show retrieval behavior
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4
Q

embryonic diapause

A

ability to freeze the development of an embryo

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5
Q

marsupial maternal behavior: koalas, opossums

A
  • some marsupials have young that cling to the mother for transport after leaving the pouch
  • adaptation for survival, no retrieval behaviors
  • no evidence of embryonic diapause in koalas
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6
Q

monotreme maternal behavior: platypus

A
  • only 2 egg-bearing mammals
  • nest (burrow) building
  • incubation (6-10 days), mother lays on top of eggs
  • feeding (mammary glands under skin, no teats), basically sweat out the milk and babies lick at the fur
  • leave the burrow around 4 months, born highly altricial
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7
Q

monotreme maternal behavior: echidna

A
  • following mating the female develops a pouch
  • seek shelter by digging/adopting a burrow, lay an egg, move it into new pouch
  • baby remains in pouch after hatching
  • milk released from mammary glands (no teats)
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8
Q

eutherian (placental) mammals

A
  • more stable/reliable habits
  • longer gestations and more developed young
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9
Q

three patterns of maternal care in eutherian mammals

A
  1. altricial
  2. precocial
  3. semi precocial
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10
Q

altricial species

A

dogs, carnivores, most rodents, insectivores

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11
Q

behaviors of altricial species

A
  • nest building prior to birth
  • afterbirth some animals show placentophagia
  • cleaning behavior
  • nursing
  • huddling
  • grooming
  • offspring retrieval
  • aggression towards intruders
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12
Q

altricial pup-directed behaviors

A
  • grouping
  • huddling
  • retrieval
  • licking/grooming
  • feeding
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13
Q

altricial non-pup directed behaviors

A

-nest building
- placentophagia
- protection

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14
Q

precocial species

A

deer, cows, horses, “hider types” that hide their babies

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15
Q

behaviors of precocial species

A
  • offspring hidden at nest site away from group
  • mother spends most of the time away but returns to nurse
  • after short time (7-10 days) the young follow the mother, “follower type” animals like giraffes
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16
Q

semiprecocial species

A

humans, other primates

17
Q

behaviors of semiprecocial species

A
  • essentially helpless but can cling to mother
  • humans can thermoregulate
  • some will alternate between carrying the young and placing them in a nest or crib
  • some will leave them in a nest for longer periods in the beginning
18
Q

paternal behavior

A
  • rare in mammals (3-5% of species)
  • seen in primates, carnivores, rodents
19
Q

California mice parental behavior

A
  • pair-bonded, monogamous mice
  • assist in nest building
  • carry young
  • groom
  • anogenital licking
20
Q

concaveation

A

introduce pups of differing ages and observe if/when parental behavior will be seen

21
Q

pup retrieval experiment

A
  • virgin rats = no retrieval practices shown
  • experienced rats = retrieval practices shown
  • experienced virgin rats = slower retrieval shown after living with post-birth mother and pup for 4 days
22
Q

hormonal correlates of mammalian parental behavior

A
  • prolactin
  • placental lactogen
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
  • CCK
  • oxytocin
  • prostaglandins
  • relaxin
  • B-endorphins
23
Q

hormonal profile in humans

A
  • oxytocin and B-endorphins increase around parturition
  • prolactin typically high during pregnancy and following birth
24
Q

induction of maternal behavior: transfusion

A

a nulliparous rat receiving blood transfusion from a new mother showed the onset of maternal behavior in about 24 hours

25
Q

induction of maternal behavior: hysterectomy

A
  • terminate pregnancy at different stages to induce maternal behavior
  • early and mid pregnancy rats will typically not show maternal behavior to foster pups
  • hysterectomies between days 16 and 19 of gestation resulted in the onset of maternal behavior 24-48 hours following surgery
  • probably due to removal of placenta
  • leads to corpus lutea regression = less progesterone
  • removes gonadotropins that suppress ovarian estrogen production = increased estradiol
26
Q

induction of maternal behavior: rabbits

A
  • near parturition doe builds nest and lines it with her fur
  • dopamine agonists (block prolactin release) = prevent nest building
  • treatment with prolactin restores nest-building
  • a nulliparous rabbit treated with E (18 days) and P (days 2-15) will show nest-building behavior
  • nest-building behavior close to parturition requires high E, P, and prolactin
27
Q
A
27
Q

progesterone and maternal behavior

A
  • role not clearly defined
  • appears to be biphasic for maternal behavior
    1. it acts in early pregnancy (with estrogen) to facilitate subsequent maternal behaviors
    2. needs to be withdrawn close to parturition for maternal behavior to be seen

PSYC3387 Behavioral Neuroendocrinoloy (9 decks)

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