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APS 136 animal physiology, reproduction & development > Lecture 14: Waste disposal > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Waste disposal Flashcards

1
Q

why do you have to wee when you stand in a pool of water & are cold?

A

artery walls stretch & hormones are released

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2
Q

Proteins are also digested for… (or converted to ….)

A

-digested for energy
-converted to fat & carbohydrates.
When used for energy or converted, the NH2 (amino) group if removed.
-N containing compounds are toxic and must be removed
-type of waste produced depends on organism

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3
Q

What sort of animals produce ammonia

A

Aquatic invertes, bony fishes, aquatic amphibians

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4
Q

Why is ammonia produced???

A
  • Is toxic; can’t exceed [0.05mmol/l]
  • free to make
  • highly soluble in H2O
  • Also eliminated by aquatic orgs (in H2O) and so effective toxicity reduced
  • small molecule so diffuses quickly across gills
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5
Q

Evolution of terrestrial life required a better way to get rid of..

A

Nitrogen. (BECAUSE OF AMMONIA)

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6
Q

what animals produce Urea & WHY

A
  • mammals, most amphibians, cartilaginous fish.
  • Less toxic than ammonia.
  • requires limited access to H2O (to excrete 1g N = 50ml H2O)
  • requires energy: 1.5ATP/N
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7
Q

what animals produce Uric acid & WHY

A
  • Birds, insects, reptiles, some amphibians
  • insoluble in H2O
  • Excreted as semi-solid which allows org to conserve water which is possible because uric acts isn’t toxic. (1g N required 1ml H2O)
  • requires energy: 5 ATP/N
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8
Q

generalised excretory organ in insects

A

Malpighian tubules

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9
Q

generalised excretory organ in: protozoan

A

contractile vacuoles

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10
Q

protozoan is a

A

a single-celled microscopic animal of a group of phyla of the kingdom Protista

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11
Q

generalised excretory organ in: vertebrates

A

Kidneys

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12
Q

generalised excretory organ in invertebrates

A

Nephridia

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13
Q

name 4 specialised excretory systems:

A
  • salt glands
  • gills
  • liver - porphyrin
  • rectal glands
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14
Q

3 steps in metabolic waste disposal

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion

– These processes involve osmosis, active transport, selectively permeable membranes
– Blood needs to be brought into close contact with structures
– Then filtrate excreted

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15
Q

filtration:

A

blood fluids collected; some solutes &

H2O returned to body, some stay in the “filtrate”

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16
Q

reabsorption:

A

Selective transport of needed filtered substances back to tissue fluid/blood to be circulated in body

17
Q

secretion:

A

Filtrate joined by un-needed substances (toxic, excess) from the blood and tissue fluid

18
Q

the human excretory system at 3 size scales: 1

A
  • -posterior vena cava
  • renal artery & vein
  • aorta
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
  • Kidney
19
Q

the human excretory system at 3 size scales: 2

A

(Kidney)

  • renal medulla
  • renal cortex
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
20
Q

the human excretory system at 3 size scales: 3

A

cortex:
- - (proximal & distal) convoluted tubules
- -glomeruli & Bowmans capsule
- medulla:
- -collecting ducts
- -long loops of henle (Ascending + Descending)

21
Q

only ___ have loops of Henle

A

mammals & birds

  • in humans 80% of nephrons are short and located within the cortex. 20% have long loops of Henle that extend into the medulla
  • -allow production of hypertonic urine to conserve water
22
Q

countercurrent multiplier system: what does each word mean ~ kinda

A

countercurrent: tubule fluid in descending limb flows in opposite direction from ascending limb

Multiplier: ability of system to create cone gradient (active & passive)

Loops increase solute potential of surrounding tissue fluid setting up a conc gradient

23
Q

steps through the nephron and collecting duct

A

1) blood vessel to bowmans capsule
2) proximal tubule (HCO-3, NaCl, K+, H2O, Nutrients leave, H+ & NH3 Enter)
3) descending limb of loop of Henle (H2O leaves)
4) thin segment of ascending limb (NaCl leaves)
5) distal tubule (NaCl out, H2O out, HCO-3 out, K+ in, H+ in)
6) Collecting duct (Nacl out, Urea + H2O out)

24
Q 
DECREASING BF (body fluid) osmolarity without changing salt 
-stimulus: Blood osmolarity increases above set point (e.g. due to dehydration or eating salty food)
A

1) INCREASED extracellular fluid osmolarity activates osmoreceptors cells in the hypothalamus
2) Increased secretion of ADH from the pituitary
3) Increasing water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct
4) Increased reabsorption of water without salt
5) Decreased osmolarity

25
Q

INCREASING BF (body fluid) osmolarity without changing salt. Stimulus: Low blood volume of blood pressure (e.g. due to dehydration or loss of blood)

A

1) drop in Na+ concentration causes special cells near the glomerulus to secrete the enzyme renin leads to Angiotensinogen leading to..
2) Angiotensin ||:
- Increases Na+ and water reabsorption
- causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
3) Aldosterone: Increases Na+ and water reabsorption

26
Q

Insects and their waste

A
  • relatively higher SA:V ratio
  • takes more water to produce ammonia
  • high;y efficient (most successful terrestrial animals)
  • open circulatory system
  • – no high pressure filtering
  • malpighian tubules
27
Q

how many malpighian tubules do insects have?

A

Anywhere from 2 (coccids; scale insects) to 250 (desert locust), depending on species

28
Q

what is this describing: A blind-ended tube with walls exactly 1 cell thick

A

Malpighian tubules

29
Q

where do Malpighian tubules float and open into

A

in haemolymph. Open into handgun

30
Q

production of waste in insects through Malpighian tubules

A
  • Mts collect H2O & uric acid from blood (haemolymph)
  • Epithelium pumps solutes from haemolymph to tubule lumen
  • empty into midgut
  • H2O & useful materials reabsorbed by handgun (rectal pads) but wastes remain in handgun to be excreted
  • so most salt is reabsorbed from rectum
  • water follows by osmosis
  • nitrogenous wastes eliminated with faeces

APS 136 animal physiology, reproduction & development (17 decks)

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