Lecture 14: Epidemiology, a population health perspective Flashcards
What is Epidemiology?
the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related events, states or processes in specific populations
What is population health?
The health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
What is population health not an example of?
The health of an individual
What is specific about Maori males/females in terms of life expectancy at birth?
It is lower then the respective male/female non-Maori
What is the difference between Maori and and non-Maori in hospitalisation for chronic diseases?
It is much higher in Maori
What happened to hospitalisations for serious skin infections across different decile socioeconomic statuses?
The number of hospitalisations increased across the higher deciles/lower socioeconomic classes
What happened to the number of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes across different decile socioeconomic statuses?
The number increased across higher deciles/lower socioeconomic classes
What are 2 important patterns of health distribution in New Zealand?
- Ethnicity
- Socioeconomic status
What has happened to the number of Maori people living in high deprivation deciles?
It increases opposed to non-Maori
What is the disparity between high/low income Maori people and their non-Maori counterparts?
Their respective incomes are still lower than their non-Maori counterparts
What are factors to consider when assessing socioeconomic status?
(4)
- Occupation
- Income
- Education
- Living standards measures
What factors contribute into consideration for occupation when assessing socioeconomic status?
(3)
- Non workers
- Classification of jobs
- Changing jobs
What factors contribute into consideration for Income when assessing socioeconomic status?
(2)
- Gross or net income
- Individual or house hold
What factors contribute into consideration for education when assessing socioeconomic status?
Highest qualification
What factors contribute into consideration for living standard measures when assessing socioeconomic status?
(3)
- Economic living standard index
- Survey’s with a range of aspects
What is NZDep?
Area based measure of deprivation
What is the size of the area for an NZDep?
100-200
What does NZDep consider for their index?
Range of aspects including:
- Income
- Employment
- Living conditions etc
Who can be assessed using the NZDep?
Everyone
What can be used to assess individuals NZDep?
Address
What is absolute poverty?
Income level below which a minimum nutritionally adequate diet plus essential non-food requirements is not affordable
What is relative poverty?
The amount of income a person, family or group needs to purchase a relative amount of basic necessities of live
What are relative necessities defined as?
Basic necessities are identified relative to each society and economy
Neighbourhoods are not a measure of what?
Individuals within a decile
What are 4 complications of the NZDep
- Neighbourhood measure not individual
- Incorporates a range of aspects but not everything
- Not a label
- Measures relative socioeconomic deprivation
What does a social gradient show about health outcomes and deprivation?
The higher someones deprivation, the higher poor health outcomes are going to be likely
What can follow low socioeconomic status?
Poor housing then poor health conditions
What are social determinants of health?
The conditions in which people are born, grow, live work and age and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life
What are singular factors of health?
Hereditary factors
What are first level factors of health?
Individual life style factors
What are second level factors of health?
Social and community influences
What are third level factors of health?
Living and working conditions
What are fourth level factors of health?
General socioeconomic, cultural environmental conditions
